Anti-FLAG tag antibody

Argonaute (AGO) family proteins, which are key components of RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs), associate with both microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs to regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional stages. While high-quality antibodies for AGO proteins are extremely useful for studies on the functions of miRNAs and AGO proteins, they are not always readily available. In this study, we generated a knock-in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line by using homologous recombination to express FLAG-tagged AGO2 from its native genomic locus. FLAG-tagged AGO2 was exploited to analyze AGO2-bound miRNAs in hESCs cultured on a feeder layer by immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, the pluripotency of ESCs allowed for the analysis of miRNAs after differentiation into fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. The genetically modified hESC line generated in this study will be highly useful for studying the functions of miRNA-mediated regulation in human development and cell differentiation.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is an asymptomatic colonizer of the human nasopharynx but can also cause disease in the inner ear, meninges, lung and blood. Although various mechanisms contribute to the effective clearance of Spn, opsonophagocytosis by neutrophils is perhaps most critical. Upon phagocytosis, Spn is exposed to various degradative molecules, including a family of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) that are stored within intracellular granules. Despite the critical importance of NSPs in killing Spn, the bacterial proteins that are degraded by NSPs leading to Spn death are still unknown. In this report, we identify a 90kDa protein in a purified cell wall (CW) preparation, aminopeptidase N (PepN) that is degraded by the NSP neutrophil elastase (NE). Since PepN lacked a canonical signal sequence or LPxTG motif, we created a mutant expressing a FLAG tagged version of the protein and confirmed its localization to the CW compartment. We determined that not only is PepN a CW-localized protein, but also is a substrate of NE in the context of intact Spn cells. Furthermore, in comparison to wild-type TIGR4 Spn, a mutant strain lacking PepN demonstrated a significant hyper-resistance phenotype in vitro in the presence of purified NE as well as in opsonophagocytic assays with purified human neutrophils ex vivo. Taken together, this is the first study to demonstrate that PepN is a CW-localized protein and a substrate of NE that contributes to the effective killing of Spn by NSPs and human neutrophils.