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African swine fever is an acute, hemorrhagic, and highly infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (which infects domestic pigs and various wild boars such as African wild boars and European wild boars). The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has listed it as a legally reported animal disease, which is also a type of animal epidemic that China focuses on preventing. Its characteristics are a short onset process, with a mortality rate of up to 100% for the most acute and acute infections. Clinical manifestations include fever, rapid heartbeat, difficulty breathing, partial coughing, serous or mucous purulent secretions in the eyes and nose, skin cyanosis, obvious bleeding in lymph nodes, kidneys, and gastrointestinal mucosa. The clinical symptoms of African swine fever are similar to those of swine fever and can only be diagnosed through laboratory monitoring.
Figure 1. African Swine Fever Virus. (Alotaibi, Bader S., et al.2024)
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an ancient virus that was first discovered in Kenya, Africa in 1921 and has a history of about 100 years. African swine fever is an acute, hot and highly contagious animal infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild pigs caused by African swine fever virus. All breeds and ages of pigs can be infected, and the highest incidence rate and mortality can reach 100%. The World Organization for Animal Health lists it as a legally reported animal disease, and China also lists it as a Class I animal disease.
Figure 2. 3D-illustration of African Swine Fever Virus.
Both pigs and wild boars are naturally susceptible to this virus, and pig populations of different breeds and ages are also susceptible. Montgomery et al. attempted to test animals such as white mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, cows, horses, pigeons, etc. in 1921, but were not successfully infected. However, Velho reported in 1956 that he blindly attacked infected pigs after 26 generations of rabbits and still died.
The pathogenesis of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is centered around "precise invasion systemic spread virulence dependent pathological damage", and relies on the regulation of specific targets in multiple stages: the virus first enters the pig's body through the mouth or upper respiratory tract, and is assisted by heparan sulfate (HS) on the surface of nasopharyngeal and tonsil cells for localization. It then binds to CD163 (monocyte macrophage specific receptor) to achieve infection, and rapidly spreads to the mandibular lymph nodes, relying on lymphatic and blood circulation to spread throughout the body. During the replication phase, the virus utilizes its own DNA polymerase (Pol) and helicase (Hel) to complete genome replication, while suppressing the host immune response through the A238L protein (which inhibits the NF - κ B pathway). Moderate pathogenic strains have weak activation ability towards TLR9 (a innate immune target that recognizes viral DNA).
There are several soft ticks in Africa and the Spanish Peninsula that serve as storage hosts and vectors for ASFV. Many other tick species widely distributed in the Americas and other regions can also transmit ASFV. It is generally believed that the introduction of ASFV into disease-free areas is related to untreated infected pig products or leftovers fed to pigs from international airports and ports, or due to exposure to pollutants from infected domestic pigs, fetuses, feces, diseased pig tissues, and feeding contaminated feed. The highest incidence rate and mortality rate is 100%. The World Organization for Animal Health has listed it as a legally reported animal disease, while China has classified it as a Class I animal disease.
There are clearly defined purple spots on the hairless areas of the ears, nose, armpits, abdomen, perineum, tail, and feet. The purple spots on the ears are often swollen, with scattered dark bleeding in the center and faded edges, especially visible to the naked eye on the skin of the legs and abdominal walls.
(1) Circulating system: Pericardial fluid is particularly abundant, with a few cases showing turbidity and containing fibrin, but most cases have congestion in the subendocardial and subendocardial layers.
(2) Respiratory system: There are bruising, congestion, and diffuse bleeding in the throat and epiglottis, which is more severe than swine fever. The bruising occurs in the first third of the trachea, and under microscopic examination, there is congestion in the intestine without bleeding lesions. The alveoli show bleeding, and the lymphocytes show rupture.
(3) Liver: Upon visual examination, it appears normal, with mostly abnormal dark or spotted congestion. There is congestion and edema in the tissues near the gallbladder. The connective tissue between the lobules is infiltrated with lymphocytes, plasma cells, and stromal cells, and the characteristic feature is the rupture of the lymphocyte nucleus.
The incubation period of natural infection is 5-9 days, often shorter, while clinical experimental infection is 2-5 days. When the disease occurs, the body temperature rises to 41 ℃, which lasts for about four days, until 48 hours before death, when the body temperature begins to decline. At the same time, clinical symptoms do not show until the body temperature drops. Therefore, unlike the symptoms of swine fever when the body temperature rises, during the first three to four days of fever, the pig has no appetite and shows extreme fragility. The pig only lies in the corner and is forced to move around, showing extreme fatigue, especially in the hind limbs. The pulse is fast, coughing, breathing is about one-third fast, and breathing is difficult
This antibody rapid detection test strip uses stable and uniform colloidal gold particles as the color labeling medium. It utilizes the principle of specific binding between antigens and antibodies in immunology to complete this reaction during the chromatography process. The labeled complex and antibody (original) bind stably, with bright colors and visible results. It has the advantages of convenience, speed, accuracy, no pollution, no need for instruments, equipment, and specialized technicians. The results can be determined on-site within 10 minutes. It has high specificity, sensitivity, and stable performance for African swine fever antibody positive serum, and is an ideal diagnostic method for African swine fever in the absence of effective vaccines.
Reference
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| ASFV | DEIA-NS2309-4 | African Swine fever Virus ELISA Antibody (P54) Test Kit | Porcine | / | iELISA | Inquiry |
| DEIA-NS2309-5 | African Swine fever Virus ELISA Antibody (P30) Test Kit | Porcine | / | iELISA | Inquiry |
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