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Background
Vitamin B9, also known as folate, is a vital B vitamin that plays several essential roles in the body. It is necessary for the production of DNA and RNA, as well as for the metabolism of amino acids, which are crucial for cell division. Since the human body cannot produce vitamin B9 on its own, it must be obtained from the diet, making it an indispensable nutrient. Folic acid, in the form of vitamin B9, is used to treat anemia caused by folate deficiency. It is also commonly taken by pregnant women to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in babies. Many countries fortify certain foods with folic acid to decrease the occurrence of these birth defects. Insufficient vitamin B9 intake can lead to vitamin B9 deficiency, resulting in a type of anemia where red blood cells become larger than normal. Symptoms may include fatigue, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and changes in skin or hair color. In children, vitamin B9 deficiency can develop quickly due to poor dietary intake. While folic acid supplementation has benefits, long-term and high-dose use may have potential drawbacks, such as an increased risk of certain cancers and masking the underlying vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamine B9 [KLH] is a biomedical compound that combines vitamin B9 with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a large protein derived from the blood of keyhole limpets. KLH is a protein widely used in immunological studies and vaccine development due to its highly immunogenic properties. When combined with vitamin B9, KLH acts as an immunogenic carrier, facilitating the production of an immune response against the vitamin B9 component. Vitamin B9 [KLH] has been investigated for its potential in cancer treatment, with the aim of delivering anti-cancer drugs or toxins directly to cancer cells. It holds promise in the field of cancer immunotherapy and diagnostics. Its unique combination of vitamin B9 targeting and KLH immunogenicity offers a potential strategy for targeted therapy and precise imaging of folate receptor-expressing cancers.
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References
A 2019 global update on folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly
Background Mandatory folic acid fortification of staples is a proven intervention to prevent spina bifida and anencephaly, two life-threatening and disabling neural tube defects. We estimated the global proportion of folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly (FAP SBA) prevented through mandatory folic acid fortification of wheat and/or maize flour in 2019. Methods Using data from the Global Fortification Data Exchange, we identified countries with mandatory fortification policies that required at least 1.0 ppm folic acid be added to wheat and/or maize flour and had information on percentage of industrially milled flour that is fortified. We built FAP SBA prevention models assuming mandatory folic acid fortification at 200 mu g/day of folic acid fully protects against FAP SBA and would lower the prevalence neural tube defects to 0.5 per 1,000 live births. Results In 2019, 56 countries met our criteria for mandatory folic acid fortification of wheat (n = 56 countries) and/or maize (n = 15 countries) flour and with complete data for our modeling. Overall, our prevention model estimated that 65,380 FAP SBA cases were prevented in 2019 through folic acid fortification of wheat and/or maize flour. We estimated the current global prevention proportion of all preventable FAP SBA cases worldwide to be at 23% of total possible prevention. Conclusion Global prevention efforts for FAP SBA are slow and have stalled. Mandatory fortification should be urgently implemented in all countries to prevent epidemics of FAP SBA, and to achieve health-related Sustainable Development Goals for year 2030 by reducing child mortality due to preventable FAP SBA.
Single- versus Dual-Targeted Nanoparticles with Folic Acid and Biotin for Anticancer Drug Delivery
Pharmaceutics
Authors: Jurczyk M, Jelonek K, Musiał-Kulik M, et al.
Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide and its treatment remains very challenging. The effectiveness of cancer therapy significantly depends upon tumour-specific delivery of the drug. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been developed to avoid the side effects of the conventional chemotherapy. However, according to the most recent recommendations, future nanomedicine should be focused mainly on active targeting of nanocarriers based on ligand-receptor recognition, which may show better efficacy than passive targeting in human cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the efficacy of single-ligand nanomedicines is still limited due to the complexity of the tumour microenvironment. Thus, the NPs are improved toward an additional functionality, e.g., pH-sensitivity (advanced single-targeted NPs). Moreover, dual-targeted nanoparticles which contain two different types of targeting agents on the same drug delivery system are developed. The advanced single-targeted NPs and dual-targeted nanocarriers present superior properties related to cell selectivity, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells than conventional drug, non-targeted systems and single-targeted systems without additional functionality. Folic acid and biotin are used as targeting ligands for cancer chemotherapy, since they are available, inexpensive, nontoxic, nonimmunogenic and easy to modify. These ligands are used in both, single- and dual-targeted systems although the latter are still a novel approach. This review presents the recent achievements in the development of single- or dual-targeted nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery.
Vitamin B9 is represented by the group of folate, whose structure is derived from folic acid. The biologically active form is reduced tetrahydrofolates, serving as an essential cofactor in methylation reactions, including the vitamin B12-dependent formation of methionine from homocysteine, and as a carrier of one-carbon units involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. Folate deficiency is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, megaloblastic anemia, leuco- and thrombocytopenia, cardiovascular disease, embryonic defects, in particular neural tube defects, and, possibly, malignancies, depression and cognitive impairment.
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