Short-term (2 weeks) store at 2-8°C. Long term, aliquot and store at -20°C. Avoid multiple freeze/thaw cycles
Stability
36 months
Introduction
Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with various subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel, and yaws. It is transmitted only amongst humans. It is a helically coiled microorganism usually 6–15 μm long and 0.1–0.2 μm wide.
Keywords
T. pallidum; Treponema pallidum; T. pallidum p15/p17/p47; Syphilis
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Background
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease with three stages. Primary syphilis presents as a painless genital chancre. Secondary syphilis shows constitutional symptoms, rash, condyloma lata, lymphadenopathy, and hair loss. Tertiary syphilis involves gummas, neurosyphilis, and specific manifestations like tabes dorsalis and Argyll-Robertson pupils. Congenital syphilis in neonates results from maternal transmission and is characterized by facial anomalies, snuffles, saddle nose, Hutchinson teeth, and other skeletal abnormalities.
Treponema pallidum is a unique and ancient bacterium that causes syphilis. It is a Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium with a helical structure and corkscrew-like motility. It has a complex cell structure consisting of an outer membrane, periplasmic space with endoflagella, peptidoglycan layer, and inner membrane. This bacterium employs its motility to infiltrate and propagate within various tissues during syphilitic infection. Inner membrane lipoproteins, such as Tp15, Tp17, Tp47, TmpA, TmpC, Tp38, and Tp32, along with other proteins like Tp0453, TpF1, and FlaB1, play vital roles in T. pallidum's pathogenicity and interactions with the host.
Figure 1. Morphology of T. pallidum. (Source: Radolf, J. D. et al., 2016)
Creative Diagnostics manufactures key diagnostic components used in tests for infectious diseases and related syndromes. The Syphilis p15/p17/p47 chimeric antigen is a significant component used in the diagnosis and detection of Syphilis. The chimeric antigen is designed to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for Syphilis. It offers distinct advantages in terms of its ability to detect antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to T. pallidum infection. By using this chimeric antigen in various diagnostic assays, such as ELISA and other immunoassays, researchers can accurately identify the presence of Syphilis antibodies in patient samples.
1. Radolf J D, et al. Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: making a living as a stealth pathogen. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2016, 14(12): 744-759.
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References
Clinical Value of Treponema pallidum Real-Time PCR for Diagnosis of Syphilis
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Authors: Heymans R, Van Der Helm J J, De Vries H J C, et al.
The diagnosis of syphilis can be complicated when it is based on diverse clinical manifestations, dark-field microscopy, and serology. In the present study, therefore, we examined the additional clinical value of a Treponema pallidum real-time TaqMan PCR for the detection of primary and secondary syphilis. The additional value of the T. pallidum real-time PCR for the diagnosis of primary syphilis was evaluated by the use of three different algorithms: (i) a head-to-head comparison of the dark-field microscopy result and the T. pallidum real-time PCR result, (ii) comparison of the clinical diagnosis made in a sexually transmitted infection clinic (STI) (including by dark-field microscopy) and the T. pallidum real-time PCR result, and (iii) comparison of the clinical diagnosis made in a general practitioner's office (without dark-field microscopy) and the T. pallidum real-time PCR result. A fourth algorithm was used to determine the performance of the T. pallidum real-time PCR regarding the detection of secondary syphilis. From December 2006 to April 2008, 716 patients with suspected cases of primary syphilis and 133 patients with suspected cases of secondary syphilis were included in the study. A kappa value of 0.601 was found for the agreement between dark-field microscopy and the T. pallidum real-time PCR. Good agreement was found between the T. pallidum real-time PCR and both the diagnosis of the general practitioner (kappa = 0.745) and the diagnosis of the STI clinic (kappa = 0.769). The sensitivity with respect to the STI clinic diagnosis was 72.8%, the specificity was 95.5%, the positive predictive value was 89.2%, and the negative predictive value was 95.0%. The T. pallidum real-time PCR is a fast, efficient, and reliable test for the diagnosis of primary syphilis in an STI outpatient clinic and a general practitioner setting, but it has no added diagnostic value for the diagnosis of secondary syphilis.
Novel Treponema pallidum Serologic Tests: A Paradigm Shift in Syphilis Screening for the 21st Century
The mainstay of diagnosis for Treponema pallidum infections is based on nontreponemal and treponemal serologic tests. Many new diagnostic methods for syphilis have been developed, using specific treponemal antigens and novel formats, including rapid point-of-care tests, enzyme immunoassays, and chemiluminescence assays. Although most of these newer tests are not yet cleared for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration, their performance and ease of automation have promoted their application for syphilis screening. Both sensitive and specific, new screening tests detect antitreponemal IgM and IgG antibodies by use of wild-type or recombinant T. pallidum antigens. However, these tests cannot distinguish between recent and remote or treated versus untreated infections. In addition, the screening tests require confirmation with nontreponemal tests. This use of treponemal tests for screening and nontreponemal serologic tests as confirmatory tests is a reversal of long-held practice. Clinicians need to understand the science behind these tests to use them properly in syphilis management.
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Figure 1. Morphology of T. pallidum.
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