Exosomes; Vesicle; Secretory Vesicles; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Extracellular Vesicles; Transport Vesicles
Format
Lyophilized
Concentration
Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.
Preservative
None
Storage
Lyophilized exosomes can be stored for 36 months at 4°C. Reconstituted exosome standards are not suitable for long term conservation at room temperature, use them within 2 hours after reconstitution. The remaining reconstituted standard stock solution should be aliquoted into polypropylene vials (preferably low binding) and stored at -20°C for up to one month or at -80°C for up to six months. Strictly avoid repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles.
Reconstitution
Reconstitute lyophilized exosome standard by adding deionized water, 100 μl for Lyophilized Standard 100 μg, to get a final concentration of 1 μg/μL. Different volumes of deionized water for exosomes reconstitution can be choosen by the users in according with the desired final concentration. Resuspend exosomes pipetting the solution up and down 10-15 times, avoiding bubbles. Vortex the reconstituted standard for 60 seconds.
Briefly centrifuge the tubes containing the standard to ensure that the solution is collected at the bottom of the tube. Pipette the solution up and down 10 times, avoiding the introduction of bubbles. After this step, the standard is ready to use.
Antigen Description
Exosomes are small endosome derived lipid nanoparticles (50-120 nm) actively secreted by exocytosis by most living cells. Exosome release occurs either constitutively or upon induction, under both normal and pathological conditions, in a dynamic, regulated and functionally relevant manner. Both amount and molecular composition of released exosomes depend on the state of a parent cell. Exosomes have been isolated from diverse cell lines (hematopoietic cells, tumor lines, primary cultures, virus infected cells) as well as from biological fluids in particular blood (e.g. serum and plasma from cancer patients) and other body fluids (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, pleural effusions, synovial fluid, urine, amniotic fluid, semen, saliva etc). Exosomes have pleiotropic physiological and pathological functions and an emerging role in diverse pathological conditions such as cancer, infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Background
Exosomes, which range in diameter from 30 to 150 nanometers, are nano-sized biovesicles that are released into the surrounding body fluids upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. These spherical lipid bilayer vesicles have received considerable attention in recent years, particularly with the advent of minimally invasive diagnostic techniques. Exosomes are essential for intercellular communication and the transfer of macromolecules between cells.
The exosome membrane is a bilayer lipid structure composed primarily of unsaturated lipids such as cholesterol, phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin. These lipids are critical for maintaining the membrane rigidity and stability of exosomes in vivo, protecting their integrity and aiding in cargo sorting and secretion. The stability of exosomes is critical for their function as they travel through body fluids to reach their target cells. Exosomes are rich in protein components, including the tetraspanin family (CD9, CD63, and CD81), membrane trafficking and fusion proteins (GTPases, annexins, and flotillin), integrins, heat shock proteins (HSPs), endosomal sorting complex proteins required for transport (Alix, TSG101), and cytoskeletal proteins. Specific types of exosomes may also contain proteins such as transferrin receptors and MHC I and II molecules. These proteins play a critical role in exosome formation, targeting, and fusion with recipient cells.
Figure 1. Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. (Source: Yuan Zhang. et al., 2019)
In addition to proteins and lipids, exosomes carry significant amounts of DNA, mRNA and non-coding RNA. These nucleic acids are critical for intercellular communication, reflect the state of the parent cells, and influence the biological processes of the target cells. The ability of exosomes to transfer genetic material makes them promising vectors for drug delivery, with advantages over synthetic polymers due to their biocompatibility.
References
1. Yuan Zhang. et al., Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. Cell Biosci. 2019, 9:19
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References
Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential
Cell Biosci
Authors: Yuan Zhang, Yunfeng Liu, Haiying Liu, Wai Ho Tang
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released into surrounding body fluids upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. They were shown to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials, and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells far from their release, reprogramming the recipient cells upon their bioactive compounds. Therefore, the regulated formation of exosomes, specific makeup of their cargo, cell-targeting specificity are of immense biological interest considering extremely high potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic nanocarriers. In present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, the molecular composition of exosomes, and technologies used in exosome research. Furthermore, we focus on the potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cell-lineage and state-specific contents, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Exosome research is now in its infancy, in-depth understanding of subcellular components and mechanisms involved in exosome formation and specific cell-targeting will bring light on their physiological activities.
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential.
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