Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; Pappalysin-1; PAPP-A Antigen; PAPP-A protein
Purity
≥80% by SDS-PAGE
Format
Lyophilized
Concentration
Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements
Buffer
10 mM Tris, 0.15M NaCl, 0.01% NGME, pH 7.2 ±0.2
Preservative
0.09% Sodium Azide
Storage
2-8°C; store at -20°C immediately upon arrival.
Antigen Description
Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans. PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for Down syndrome.
Keywords
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A;Pappalysin-1;PAPP-A Antigen;PAPP-A protein
Citations
Publication ()
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Background
PAPP-A was originally found in the serum of pregnant women and released during pregnancy by syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta and decidual cells. This was later validated with the discovery that PAPP-A can be made and released by other cell types too.
PAPP-A belongs to the superfamily of metalloprotease zinc finger polypeptides. PAPP-A is a heterotetrameric complex, which in pregnant women's serum consists of two PAPP-A subunits and two proforms of eosinophil major basic protein (ProMBP) subunits, joined by disulfide bonds to form the PAPP-A/ProMBP complex. ProMBP is an endogenous proteolytic inhibitor of PAPP-A. In human serum from unpregnant women, PAPPA is a homodimer. PAPP-A is a dimeric glycoprotein that has two polypeptide chains attached by a disulfide bond. cDNA sequence data revealed that PAPP-A is made up of 4 zinc atoms, 82 bridged cystines, 14 N-glycosylation locations and 7 attachment positions for glucose.
PAPP-A is tightly related to early pregnancy events such as chorionic trophoblast cell growth and embryonic sac formation. PAPP-A is highly correlated with pregnancy-related disorders, clinical research has revealed. Atypical serum PAPP-A in early pregnancy can be a sign of foetal chromosomal abnormalities, low birth weight, preterm birth, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia with adverse consequences (low prognosis). PAPP-A is activated mostly through the IGFs axis. It in particular cuts the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 4 and 5 (IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5), which diminish their ability to bind to IGFs. This is how IGFs, especially IGF-I, are released that better interact with their receptors. Additionally, PAPP-A inhibits the complement system activity and protease activity in maternal phagocytes. This inhibition stops maternal immune rejection of the foetus and keeps placental barrier in place by preventing proteolysis by maternal phagocytes. PAPP-A therefore functions essentially in the development of fertilised eggs early, during implantation, during pregnancy maintenance, and during foetal and placental development.
Figure 1. Illustration of the biological functions of PAPP-A and signaling pathways in carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis (Source: Guo Y, et al. 2018)
Alternative Names
PAPP-A
References
1. Conover CA, et al. The Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) Story. Endocr Rev. 2023 Nov 9;44(6):1012-1028.
2. Guo Y, et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein a in cancer: expression, oncogenic functions and regulation. Am J Cancer Res. 2018 Jun 1;8(6):955-963.
Q: Could you please provide the active concentration (mIU/mL) of the product? If available, additional details on how this value was determined (e.g., against a WHO standard or through a specific assay) would also be appreciated.
A: The current batch is lyophilized and has an active concentration of 113.51 mIU/mL, as tested by Roche Cobas. For your reference, the conversion is 1 mIU/mL = 4.5 mg/L.
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COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Illustration of the biological functions of PAPP-A and signaling pathways in carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis
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