Oxytetracycline ELISA Test Kit is a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of Oxytetracycline in fish and shrim.
Contents of Kit
1. Microwell strips, 8 wells/strip, 12 strips/plate 2. Standards (6 vials, 1 ml each), 0 ppb, 0.3 ppb, 0.9 ppb, 2.7 ppb, 8.1 ppb, 24.3 ppb 3. High-concentration standard, 1 ml, 1 ppm 4. Enzyme conjugate, 7 ml 5. Antibody working solution, 7 ml 6. Substrate A, 7 ml 7. Substrate B, 7 ml 8. Stop solution, 7 ml 9. 20× Concentrated wash buffer, 15 ml 10. 2× Sample extraction buffer, 100 ml × 2
Storage
Storage condition: Store the kit at 2–8°C. Do not freeze. Shelf life: The product is valid for 1 year from the date of manufacture (see packaging box). Note: If the vacuum-sealed bag of the microplate is found to be leaking, the microplate remains effective and will not affect the experimental results. Please use with confidence.
Detection Limit
Fish, Shrimp: 1.5 ppb
Sensitivity
0.3 ppb
Citations
Publication ()
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In Vitro Proinflammatory and Cytotoxic Activity of Chicken-and Turkey-Based Würstels: A Preliminary Report
Lorenzo Corsi, Nicola Rubattu, Severyn Salis, Gian Enrico Magi, Antonella Tinelli, Raffaella Cocco, Mahmoud Alagawany, Javiera Cornejo, Carlotta Marini, Claudia Vitturini, Roberta Stocchi, Stefano Rea, Anna Rita Loschi, Carla Sabia, Alessandro Di Cerbo
Applications: ELISA Reactive species: Unspecified reactive species
"Abstract: Ultraprocessed foods represent a severe concern to human health due to their direct link with metabolic diseases. Among these foods, mechanically separated meat-based products are of particular interest due to the use of preservatives and the possible presence of antibiotic residues free or bound to animals’ bone fragments. To demonstrate the potential harmfulness of these substances, 28 samples of commercially available w¨urstels of diferent suppliers, price category, package size, and produced with mechanically separated chicken and turkey meat were randomly collected from the Italian market. Te presence of antibiotics was assessed by LC/HRMS; bone fragments were identifed using histological, histochemical, and microscopical analyses; the cytotoxic and proinfammatory activity of the w¨urstels and their ingredients was assessed using ELISA." Article snippet: All samples were analyzed in triplicate using oxytetracycline (OTC)-specifc ELISA kit (Cat. # DEIA-XYZ35, Creative Diagnostics®, NY, USA), with cross-reactivity for chlortetracycline (CTC), tetracycline (TC), and doxycycline (DOXY) of 180, 180, and 110%, respectively.
Figure 1. Antibiotic concentrations in wurstels detected by ELISA and LC-HRMS
Microfabricated electrochemical aptasensing chip modified with dual-function antifouling linker for single-drop label-free assay of oxytetracycline in milk
Bizinti C, Soulis D, Kourti D, Geka G, Kokkinos C, Thompson M, Nemtsov L, Speliotis T, Economou A
Applications: ELISA Reactive species: Unspecified reactive species
"Abstract: The fabrication and characterization of a novel integrated electrochemical aptasensing device and its application to oxytetracycline (OTC) determination in milk is described. The microfabricated three-electrode chip is composed of gold working and counter electrodes and a silver reference electrode deposited on a Kapton film by physical vapor deposition. The working electrode is modified with α-lipoic acid-NHS, an antifouling linker, onto which an amine-modified OTC-specific aptamer is further attached. The label-free assay of OTC involves incubation of the sample with the linker/aptamer bioconjugate immobilized on the working electrode and monitoring of the OTC-aptamer binding event by means of the electrochemical response of the [Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4- redox couple, The decrease of the signal magnitude, induced by blocking the diffusion of the probe, is related to the concentration of OTC. The limit of detection for OTC is 7 ng mL-1 and the inter-sensor reproducibility is 13.7%. The sensor is applied to milk samples with recoveries between 107 and 110%. This aptasensing chip demonstrates strong potential for rapid on-site detection of OTC in the food industry due to its high degree of integration, easy functionalization, and potential for single-drop operation." Article snippet: The ELISA OTC kit was obtained from CD creative Diagnostics (Shirley, NY, USA).
Figure 1. Results for the determination of OTC in spiked milk samples.
Background
Oxytetracycline (OTC), a type of tetracycline, is one of the important broad-spectrum antibiotics used for the treatment of diseases associated with Gram-positive or Gram-negative strains of bacteria in animals such as humans, cattle and poultry, and is one of the most widely used antibiotics. The production process of oxytetracycline generates a large amount of wastewater containing a variety of harmful organic compounds that are difficult to treat, and suspended solids and oxytetracycline residues are also present in the waste mother liquor. On the other hand, the bioavailability of most oxytetracyclines is only about 30% after oral administration, and the unabsorbed portion is excreted in the form of feces. In recent years, residues of oxytetracycline have been gradually detected in groundwater, drinking water, and surface water, and the antibiotic is capable of accumulating in the human body through water sources and other pathways, thereby affecting the immune system. Long-term antibiotic stimulation may lead to the development of drug resistance in some pathogenic bacteria, which is a potential threat to human safety and health. Therefore, in addition to the rational use of oxytetracycline, the harmless treatment of its wastewater has received widespread attention.
OTC is a complex zwitterionic macromolecular organic compound consisting of a complex tetracyclic system with multiple ionizable functional groups. The B, C and D rings mainly absorb light at wavelengths of 250-300 nm and 340-380 nm. OTC is widely used not only in terrestrial livestock but also in aquaculture due to its affordability, availability and efficiency. As an animal feed additive, OTC can be used at levels up to mg/kg.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the molecular structure of OTC (Source: Zhao-jun LI, et al. 2019)
The degradation pathways of OTC include abiotic degradation and biodegradation. In natural aquatic environments, photodegradation is considered one of the most important pathways for antibiotic degradation and can be categorized into direct and indirect photolysis. Utilizing visible or ultraviolet light, in the presence of a specific catalyst, water and oxygen in the reaction medium produce ·OH and ·O2- radicals thereby treating hygromycin-containing wastewater. The effect of photocatalytic oxidation is mainly affected by the light source and catalyst, and the common photocatalysts are TiO2 and ZnO, etc. However, this kind of material has the problems of poor light absorption ability and the catalytic effect cannot give full play to. Biodegradation includes microbial degradation and plant uptake degradation. Microbial degradation is mainly realized by microbial intracellular or extracellular enzymes relying on oxidation, reduction, group transfer, hydrolysis and other actions. It effectively removes antibiotic residues, further degrades the antibiotic or its intermediate products, and ultimately converts them into H2O and CO2. Plant degradation refers to the degradation of antibiotics by plants through direct uptake or root secretions and transformation by root microorganisms.
Alternative Names
OTC ELISA Kit
References
1. Pelosato R, et al. Applications of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis to the Degradation of Oxytetracycline in Water: A Review. Molecules. 2022 Apr 24;27(9):2743.
2. Zhao-jun LI, et al. Degradation mechanisms of oxytetracycline in the environment. Journal of Integrative Agriculture.2019;18(9):1953-1960.
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References
How effective are strategies to control the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment? A systematic review
Background Antibiotic resistance is a major concern for public and environmental health. The role played by the environment in disseminating resistance is increasingly considered, as well as its capacity for mitigation. We reviewed the literature on strategies to control dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and mobile genetic elements (MGE) in the environment. Methods This systematic review focused on three main strategies: (i) restriction of antibiotic use (S1), (ii) treatments of liquid/solid matrices (S2) and (iii) management of natural environment (S3). Articles were collected from seven scientific databases until July 2017 and from Web of Science until June 2018. Only studies reporting measurements of ARB, ARG or MGE in environmental samples were included. An evidence map was drawn from metadata extracted from all studies eligible for S1, S2 and S3. Subsets of studies were assessed for internal and external validity to perform narrative and quantitative syntheses. A meta-analysis was carried out to assess the effects of organic waste treatments (random-effect models). Review findings Nine hundred and thirty-one articles representing 1316 individual studies (n) were eligible for S1 (n = 59), S2 (n = 781) and S3 (n = 476) strategies, respectively. Effects of interventions to control the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment were primarily studied in strategy S2. A partial efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to reduce antibiotic resistance in treated effluent was reported in 118 high validity studies. In spite of the heterogeneity in published results, the meta-analysis showed that composting and drying were efficient treatments to reduce the relative abundance of ARG and MGE in organic waste, by 84% [65%; 93%] and 98% [80%; 100%], respectively. The effect of anaerobic digestion was not statistically significant (51% reduction [- 2%; 77%]) when organic waste treatments were compared together in the same model. Studies in strategies S1 and S3 mainly assessed the effects of exposure to sources of contamination. For instance, 28 medium/high validity studies showed an increase of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments at the WWTP discharge point. Some of these studies also showed a decrease of resistance as the distance from the WWTP increases, related to a natural resilience capacity of aquatic environments. Concerning wildlife, nine medium/high validity studies showed that animals exposed to anthropogenic activities carried more ARB.
Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh
Escherichia coliis known as one of the most important foodborne pathogens in humans, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infection with this bacterium. The occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producingE. coli(ESBL-Ec), in particular, in chicken meat is considered a global health problem. This study aimed to determine the magnitude ofE. coli, with special emphasis on ESBL-Ec, along with their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern in frozen chicken meat. The study also focused on the determination of ESBL-encoding genes inE. coli. A total of 113 frozen chicken meat samples were purchased from 40 outlets of nine branded supershops in five megacities in Bangladesh. Isolation and identification ofE. coliwere done based on cultural and biochemical properties, as well as PCR assay. The resistance pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL-encoding genes were determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that 76.1% of samples were positive forE. coli, of which 86% were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to 9-11 and 12-13 antimicrobial classes was observed in 38.4% and 17.4% isolates, respectively, while only 11.6% were resistant to 3-5 classes. Possible extensive drug resistance (pXDR) was found in 2.3% of isolates. High single resistance was observed for oxytetracycline (93%) and amoxicillin (91.9%), followed by ampicillin (89.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and pefloxacin (88.4%), and tetracycline (84.9%). Most importantly, 89.6% of isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All the isolates were positive for theblaTEM gene. However, theblaSHV andblaCTX-M-2 genes were identified in two ESBL-non producer isolates. None of the isolates carried theblaCTX-M-1 gene. This study provided evidence of the existence of MDR and pXDR ESBL-Ec in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh, which may pose a risk to human health if the meat is not properly cooked or pickled raw only. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of good slaughtering and processing practices by the processors.
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Figure 1. Antibiotic concentrations in wurstels detected by ELISA and LC-HRMS 
Figure 1. Results for the determination of OTC in spiked milk samples. 
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the molecular structure of OTC
