Mouse Ovalbumin specific Immunoglobulin E ELISA Kit

Tannins are a class of polyphenols, well known for their potent natural antioxidant properties, which have a beneficial effect on the digestive tract and contribute to improving the welfare of terrestrial farmed animals. This study reports the effect of tannins on haematological and non-specific immune parameters, serum enzyme activity and expression of growth genes of juvenile beluga sturgeon (Huso huso). Tannins were extracted from chestnut wood by SILVATEAM and provided in form of powder, under the commercial name of Silvafeed (R) ATX. Triplicate groups of 35 Beluga juveniles each (39.20 +/- 0.63 g) were placed in 9 oval tanks (350 L) and fed with the basal control diet (0% tannins) and the tannin supplemented basal diet (at 0.05 or 0.1%). The trial lasted 6 weeks. The dietary supplementation of 0.1% tannins significantly improved weight parameters and food conversion ratio (FCR) with respect to the control group (P < .05). Dietary tannins had no significant effect on body composition and haematological parameters. Skin and mucus lysozyme and oxidative stress related enzymes activity (CAT, PPO and SOD) significantly increased in the groups fed tannins enriched diets (P < .05). The enzymatic activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase did not change between control and tannin fed groups. Finally, the expression of two growths related genes: gh and igf-i was upregulated in the tannin fed groups. Such outcomes indicate that tannins improve growth performance and the general health status of juvenile beluga sturgeon. Thus, our results suggest that tannins administered to juvenile beluga sturgeon may act as growth promoters.

Both the basal amygdala (BA) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) can participate in contextual fear, but it is unclear whether contextual fear engrams involve a direct interaction between these two brain regions. To determine whether dorsal BNST (dBNST)-projecting neurons in the BA participate in contextual fear engrams, we combined the TetTag mouse with a retrograde tracer to label dBNST-projecting cells in the BA. We identified a population of neurons located in the anterior subdivision of the BA (aBA) that was activated during fear conditioning and reactivated during retrieval but that did not project to the dBNST. In contrast, dBNST-projecting neurons located in the posterior BA (pBA) were activated during contextual fear conditioning but were not reactivated during retrieval. Similarly, we found neurons in the oval BNST subdivision (ovBNST) that were activated during contextual fear conditioning without being reactivated during retrieval. However, the anterodorsal BNST (adBNST) subdivision was not activated during either contextual fear conditioning or retrieval, underscoring the divergent functionality of these two dBNST subdivisions. Finally, we found that the ovBNST receives a monosynaptic projection from neurons located in the BA. Our results indicate that aBA neurons that do not project to the dBNST participate in contextual fear engrams. In contrast, dBNST-projecting neurons in the BA do not appear to participate in contextual fear engrams, but might instead contain a BA -> ovBNST pathway that is active during the initial encoding of contextual fear memories.