Symptom Science: Advocating for Inclusion of Functional Genetic Polymorphisms
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH FOR NURSING
Authors: Knisely, Mitchell R.; Maserati, Megan; Heinsberg, Lacey W.; Shah, Lisa L.; Li, Hongjin; Zhu, Yehui; Ma, Yumi; Graves, Letitia Y.; Merriman, John D.; Conley, Yvette P.
Abstract
Incorporating biologically based data into symptom science research can contribute substantially to understanding commonly experienced symptoms across chronic conditions. The purpose of this literature review was to identify functional polymorphisms associated with common symptoms (i.e., pain, sleep disturbance, fatigue, affective and cognitive symptoms) with the goal of identifying a parsimonious list of functional genetic polymorphisms with evidence to advocate for their inclusion in symptom science research. PubMed was searched to identify genes and functional polymorphisms associated with symptoms across chronic conditions, revealing eight functional genetic polymorphisms in seven different genes that showed evidence of association with at least three or more symptoms and/or symptom clusters: BDNF rs6265, COMT rs4680, FKBP5 rs3800373, IL-6 rs1800795, NFKB2 rs1056890, SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR+rs25531, and TNFA rs1799964 and rs1800629. Of these genes, three represent protein biomarkers previously identified as common data elements for symptom science research (BDNF, IL-6, and TNFA), and the polymorphisms in these genes identified through the search are known to impact secretion or level of transcription of these protein biomarkers. Inclusion of genotype data for polymorphisms offers great potential to further advance scientific knowledge of the biological basis of individual symptoms and symptom clusters across studies. Additionally, these polymorphisms have the potential to be used as targets to optimize precision health through the identification of individuals at risk for poor symptom experiences as well as the development of symptom management interventions.
Alteration of NF-kappa B activity leads to mitochondrial apoptosis after infection with pathological prion protein
CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: Bourteele, Soizic; Oesterle, Katja; Weinzierl, Andreas O.; Paxian, Stephan; Riemann, Marc; Schmid, Roland M.; Planz, Oliver
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a key regulator of the immune response, but in almost the same manner it is involved in induction of inflammation, proliferation and regulation of apoptosis. In the central nervous system activated NF-kappa B plays a neuroprotective role. While in some neurodegenerative disorders the role of NF-kappa B is well characterized, there is poor knowledge on the role of NF-kappa B in prion disease. We found binding but no transcriptional activity of the transcription factor in vitro. Characterizing the mechanism of cell death after infection with pathological prion protein increased caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity was detected and the lack of NF-kappa B activity resulted in the inability to activate target genes that usually play an important role in neuroprotection. Additionally, we investigated the role of NF-kappa B after prion infection of Nfkb1(-/-), Nfkb2(-/-) and Bcl3(-/-) mice and central nervous system-specific p65-deleted mice revealing an accelerated prion disease in NF-kappa B2- and Bcl-3-deficient mice, which is in line with a reduced neuroprotective activity in prion infection. Based on our findings, we propose a model whereby the alteration of NF-kappa B activity at the early stages of infection with pathological prion protein leads to neuronal cell death mediated by mitochondrial apoptosis.