Level of Awareness and Knowledge about GST (Goods and Services Tax) in Haldwani
PACIFIC BUSINESS REVIEW INTERNATIONAL
Authors: Joshi, C. S.; Chaudhary, Tanuja
Abstract
GST is a single and destination based tax which will be levied at the time of consumption of goods and services. It will be levied only on the additional value so that credit of inputs taxes already paid (at the time of purchase of inputs) can be availed. Thus, ultimate consumer will bear the GST that will be charged by the last dealer in supply chain, with set off benefits at all the previous stage. It has been three years since the inception of GST therefore; the study was conducted with an aim of assessing the level of knowledge about GST among respondents in Haldwani, Uttarakhand. Primary data for the study was collected with the help of well-structured questionnaire. Chi-square, mean, and standard deviation were utilized as tools for analysis. The analysis leads to the findings that 12 respondents have high level of knowledge about GST, 35 respondents have moderate level of knowledge and 13 respondents have low level of knowledge. Chi-square analysis leads to the findings that level of knowledge is independent of gender, age, educational status, and occupational status.
Steroid androgen 17 alpha methyltestosterone used in fish farming induces biochemical alterations in zebrafish adults
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Authors: Gediel Rivero-Wendt, Carla Leticia; Miranda-Vilela, Ana Luisa; Domingues, Ines; Oliveira, Rhaul; Monteiro, Marta Sofia; Moura-Mello, Monica A. M.; Matias, Rosemary; Velho Maia Soares, Amadeu Mortagua; Grisolia, Cesar Koppe
Abstract
The 17 alpha methyltestosterone (MT) hormone is fed toOreochromis niloticuslarvae in fish farms with the purpose of inducing sex reversal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and sub-lethality of MT (99.9% purity) and cMT (a commercial MT with 90% purity) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults, where the animals were exposed to concentrations of 0, 4, 23, 139, 833 and 5000 mu g/L for 96 hours. Genotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus test (MN), nuclear abnormalities (NA) and comet assay. A low genotoxic potential of MT was showed, inducing micronucleus, nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage inDanio rerio, depending on the use of MT or cMT, gender and tested concentrations. In the sub-lethality trials, there was a basal difference in the activity of the enzymatic biochemical markers for males and females, while the Glutatione S transferase (GST) activity decreased in all analyzed tissues, and for males the enzymatic activity decreased only in the intestine. Results suggest that MT has a toxic potential to fish because it alters enzymatic metabolic pathways and may pose a risk to the ecosystems.