Anti-GSR monoclonal antibody, clone 2B8

Primordial gravitational waves, i.e., a background of metric perturbations sourced by the quantum inflationary fluctuations, if measured, could both provide substantial evidence for primordial inflation and shed light on physics at extremely high energy scales. In this work we focus on their propagating speed. Using an effective field theory approach we introduce a time-dependent propagating speed c(T)(t) showing that also small deviations from the general relativity (GR) prediction c(T)(t) = c can lead to testable consequences. We derive a set of equations that relate the propagating speed and its time dependence to the inflationary parameters and that generalize the usual slow roll consistency relations. Imposing the new generalized consistency relations and combining small and large scales data, we derive model-independent constraints on inflation with nontrivial primordial tensor speed. In particular, we constrain its scale dependence to be d log c(T)/d log k = 0.082(-0)(.11)(+0.047) at 68% C.L. while we only derive the lower bound c(T) > 0.22c at 95% C.L. We also constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio at the pivot scale k(*) = 0.05 Mpc(-1) to be r < 0.0599 at 95% C.L. in agreement with the result provided by the Planck Collaboration. Thanks to a proper small scale parametrization of the tensor spectrum we derive stringent constraints on the tensor tilt n(T) = -0.084(-0.047)(+0.10) at 68% C.L. and on its runnings alpha(T) = dn(T)/d log k = 0.0141(-)(0.021)(+0.0035) and beta(T) = d alpha(T)/d log k = -0.0061(-0.001)(4)( )(+0.010)both at 68% C.L. Our results show a remarkable agreement with the standard slow roll predictions and prove that current data can significantly constrain deviations from GR on the inflationary energy scales.

This study designed a specimen that simulates the deformation and failure behaviors of the piping components in nuclear power plants (NPPs) under excessive seismic loads beyond the design basis, and conducted ultimate-strength tests using this specimen at room temperature (RT) and 316 degrees C. SA312 TP316 stainless steel (SS) and SA508 Gr.3 Cl.1 low-alloy steel (LAS) were used in the experiments. Displacement-controlled cyclic loads with constant and random amplitudes of load-line displacement (LLD) were applied as input loads. A set of input cyclic loads consisted of 20 cycles, and the LLD amplitudes of the cyclic load were determined to induce the maximum membrane plus bending stress intensity of 6-42S(m) on the specimen, where S-m is the allowable design stress intensity. Multiple sets of input cyclic loads, with increasing amplitude of LLD, were applied to the specimen until cracking initiated. The results demonstrate that the simulated specimen adequately showed the ratcheting deformation and fatigue-induced cracking of piping components under displacement-controlled excessive seismic loads. In addition, samples of both materials failed under displacement-controlled cyclic load levels that were several times higher than those of the design basis earthquake (DBE). The SA316 TP316 SS had greater resistance to failure under large-amplitude cyclic loads than did SA508 Gr.3 Cl.1LAS. For both materials, resistance to failure was lower at 316 degrees C than at RT. This study confirmed that the evaluation procedure of the ASME design code predicted the fatigue failure of specimens very conservatively under large-amplitude cyclic loads simulating displacement-controlled excessive seismic loads.