Precision Oncology for Hepatocellular Cancer: Slivering the Liver by FGF19-FGF4-KLB Pathway Inhibition
CANCER DISCOVERY
Authors: Subbiah, Vivek; Pal, Sumanta K.
Abstract
This issue reports two studies, one by Hatlen and colleagues and the other by Kim and colleagues, that detail the drug-development journey of the FGFR19-FGFR4 inhibitor fisogatinib (BLU-554), from identification of the drug to preclinical validation studies to finally the results of the proof-of-concept first-in-human phase I trial of this potent and selective, type I irreversible inhibitor of FGFR4. Moreover, Hatlen and colleagues also report a resistance mechanism acquired after therapy that targets selective FGF4 inhibition, which validates FGF as a specific target in hepatocellular cancer.
STEAP2 Knockdown Reduces the Invasive Potential of Prostate Cancer Cells
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
Authors: Burnell, Stephanie E. A.; Spencer-Harty, Samantha; Howarth, Suzie; Bodger, Owen; Kynaston, Howard; Morgan, Claire; Doak, Shareen H.
Abstract
Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate-2 (STEAP2) expression is increased in prostate cancer when compared to normal prostate, suggesting STEAP2 may drive prostate cancer progression. This study aimed to establish the functional role of STEAP2 in prostate tumourigenesis and evaluate if its knockdown resulted in reduced invasive potential of prostate cancer cells. PC3 and LNCaP cells were transfected with STEAP2 siRNA and proliferation, migration, invasion and gene expression analyses were performed. STEAP2 immunohistochemistry was applied to assess the protein expression and localisation according to Gleason score in 164 prostate cancer patients. Invasion significantly decreased in both cell lines following STEAP2 knockdown. PC3 proliferation and migration capacity significantly reduced, while LNCaP cell morphology and growth characteristics were altered. Additionally, STEAP2 downstream targets associated with driving invasion were identified as MMP3, MMP10, MMP13, FGFR4, IL1 beta, KiSS1 and SERPINE1 in PC3 cells and, MMP7 in LNCaP cells, with CD82 altered in both. In patient tissues, STEAP2 expression was significantly increased in prostate cancer samples and this significantly correlated with Gleason score. These data demonstrate that STEAP2 drives aggressive prostate cancer traits by promoting proliferation, migration and invasion and significantly influencing the transcriptional profile of ten genes underlying the metastatic cascade.