Ceftiofur [BSA]

To date, there is no cure or disease-modifying agents available for most well-known neurological disorders. Current therapy is typically focused on relieving symptoms and supportive care in improving the quality of life of affected patients. Furthermore, the traditional de novo drug discovery technique is more challenging, particularly for neurological disorders. Therefore, the repurposing of existing drugs for these conditions is believed to be an efficient and dynamic approach that can substantially reduce the investments spent on drug development. Currently, there is emerging evidence that suggests the potential effect of a beta-lactam antibiotic, ceftriaxone (CEF), to alleviate the symptoms of different experimentally-induced neurological disorders: Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epileptic-seizure, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injuries, and neuropathic pain. CEF also affects the markers of oxidative status and neuroinflammation, glutamatergic systems as well as various aggregated toxic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders. Moreover, it was found that CEF administration to drug dependent animal models improved the withdrawal symptoms upon drug discontinuation. Thus, this review aimed to describe the effects of CEF against multiple models of neurological illnesses, drug dependency, and withdrawal. It also emphasizes the possible mechanisms of neuroprotective actions of CEF with respective neurological maladies.

This paper discusses the housing derived from public policies in cities located in the Brazilian Amazon and how these policies affects the lifehoods of local residents. It is shown that the geography of the cities that receive these projects becomes more complex. Interests of various agents producing the space seek to guarantee the extended reproduction of capitalist relations in the most distant places of the Amazon, especially in riverside cities. The results presented are based on extensive fieldwork done in Parintins, Amazonas state, during the years 2016 and 2017. The aim of the fieldwork was to identify the differences and similarities of the production of social housing in the city of Parintins comparing the first groups of housing projects financed by National Housing Bank (Banco Nacional de Habitacao - BNH) and the most recent ones by Federal Cashier (Caixa Economica Federal - CEF) through the My House My Life Program (Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida - PMCMV). The results have shown that the production of social housing implies in changes in space, such as the expansion of the city, the insertion of the housings into the urban structure, the rise in number of enterprises and urban equipments built. These results appear implicitly in questions that are difficult to quantify due to the fact that they go beyond the architectural forms and are related to the dimensions of the lifehoods.