Anti-Ceftiofur polyclonal antibody

The proton motive force (pmf) across the thylakoid membranes plays a key role for photosynthesis in fluctuating light. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of pmf in fluctuating light are not well known. In this study, we aimed to identify the roles of chloroplastic ATP synthase and cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) in the regulation of the pmf in fluctuating light. To do this, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence, P700 parameters, and the electrochromic shift signal in the fluctuating light alternating between 918 (high light) and 89 (low light) mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) every 5 min. We found that the activity of chloroplastic ATP synthase (g(H)(+)), pmf, CEF activity, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and the P700 redox state changed rapidly in fluctuating light. During transition from low to high light, the decreased g(H)(+) and the stimulation of CEF both contributed to the rapid formation of pmf, activating NPQ and optimizing the redox state of P700 in PSI. During the low-light phases, g(H)(+) rapidly increased and the pmf declined sharply, leading to the relaxation of NPQ and down-regulation of photosynthetic control. These findings indicate that in fluctuating light the g(H)(+) and CEF are finely regulated to modulate the pmf formation, avoiding the over-accumulation of reactive intermediates and maximizing energy use efficiency.

Carbon financing policies such as emission trading have been used to assist in emission mitigation worldwide. As energy end-users/consumers are the underlying driver of emissions, it would be difficult to effectively mitigate carbon emissions by creating an emission trading market without active end-users' involvement. In electricity markets, demand side management (DSM) in the smart grid can manage demands in response to power supply conditions and influence end-users to contribute to improving both network efficiency and economic efficiency. However, it is a relatively new topic to study the environmental benefits of DSM. This paper proposes a two-stage scheduling model to comprehensively investigate the environmental benefits of consumers participating in both electricity and carbon emission trading markets through active DSM. A developed zero sum gains-data envelopment analysis (ZSG-DEA) model based multi-criteria allocation scheme for emission allocation is employed. Meanwhile, the carbon emission flow model (CEF) is applied to track the "virtual" carbon flow accompanying power flow. According to case studies on the IEEE 24-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system, the proposed model can effectively achieve carbon emission mitigation and provide consumers extra environmental benefits in some scenarios. This model can be an important guide for governments to establish emission trading schemes.