Carboxy Methyl Lysine [BSA]

Two-phase, response-dependent sampling is often used in regression settings that involve expensive covariate measurements. Conditional maximum likelihood (CML) is an attractive approach in many cases as it avoids modelling of the covariate distribution, unlike full maximum likelihood. Scott & Wild (2011) introduced an augmented CML approach which is semi-parametric efficient in certain settings with a discrete response variable. We consider general regression models and show the Scott-Wild estimator of covariate effects has the same asymptotic efficiency as two empirical likelihood estimators, and that these estimators dominate the CML estimator. We compare the efficiencies of various estimators in simulation studies and illustrate the methodology in a two-phase genetics study.

This paper proposes an environmental assessment approach consistent with sustainable development principles in the design of underground structures. A literature review highlighted the methods applicable at the project construction stage for buildings or road infrastructure that may specifically be intended for the underground. An underground assessment was developed and implemented for the urban case study of a multimodal tunnel open to soft modes, such as pedestrians, bikes and buses, as well as to conventional road modes. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed using and combining three methods (CED, EDIP, CML), in yielding 17 indicators. Two distinct scenarios were investigated when upgrading the safety of the existing road tunnel by allowing for evacuations in case of an emergency. The first (Scenario 1) consists of the construction and operation of a simple safety gallery, while the second (Scenario 2) consists of the construction and operation of a new tunnel dedicated to soft modes that can also be used as a safety gallery. The impact assessment results showed that variations in the set of indicators in Scenario 2, compared to those of Scenario 1 were significant enough to allow for a more refined comparison between the two scenarios. In addition, the contributions of the operation phase to the total impacts were examined. The relative weight of the construction phase was discussed with respect to the underground solution. This study was then able to point out that the Life Cycle Assessment is a powerful environmental assessment method for a comparative study of various urban development scenarios, including underground facilities, as of the early project stages.