Carbaryl [KLH]

Fall armyworm (FAW) was reported for the first time in Africa in 2016. FAW is widely distributed in Ethiopia, causing significant damage to maize. Nine synthetic insecticides belonging to different chemical groups and 11 pesticidal plants (botanicals) were tested for their efficacy against FAW under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. In the laboratory, Radiant, Tracer, Karate, and Ampligo caused over 90% larval mortality 72 h after application. Malathion had moderate activity, causing 51.7% mortality 72 h after application, while Carbaryl was less effective, causing 28% mortality 72 h after application. In the greenhouse experiment, all synthetic insecticides reduced foliar damage to maize compared to the untreated control. Chemical sprays did not affect plant height, stem thickness, or leaf number. The highest fresh weight (471 g) was obtained from plants treated with Radiant. Among the botanicals tested, Azadirachta indica, Schinnus molle, and Phytolacca dodecandra resulted in the highest percentage larval mortality (>95%) 72 h after application. In the field, non-treated control plants showed extensive leaf injury compared to the synthetic insecticide- and botanical-treated plants. The synthetic insecticides and botanicals that showed high efficacy against FAW larvae can be used as components for integrated pest management (IPM) plans for FAW under smallholder farmer conditions in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa.

Methomyl a carbamate insecticide, has been classified as a highly toxic pesticide for aquatic organism, widely used in many agricultural countries for crop protection and soil or plant treatment. The rats were randomly divided into methomyl group and activated carbon treatment group. The concentration of methomyl in rat plasma was determined by a simple high performance liquid chromatograph method over the range of 50-1000 mu g/mL. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 mu m) column with acetonitrile-0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water (50: 50, v/v) as mobile phase. Protein precipitation with acetonitrile, then freeze-drying for 24 h, and re-suspension in methanol was used as sample preparation. Statistical toxicokinetics difference in rats was observed by comparing methomyl group with activated carbon treatment group (10 min, 1000 mg/kg), AUC((0-t)) decreased (p < 0.05), MRT(0-infinity) increased (p < 0.05), t(1/2) increased (p < 0.05), and V increased (p < 0.01). The results shown that treatment by activated carbon could relieve acute methomyl poisoning in rats.