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In this research article, experimental study was carried out to obtain the heat transfer characteristics between a submerged horizontal tube bundles and a fluidized bed in a large-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler with an external heat exchanger (EHE). Authors used operating conditions of fluidized bed heat exchanger to predict the average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) making use of an existing calculation method based on the packed renewal theory. The operational parameters in the tube EHE were measured during performance tests at variable load conditions. The heat transfer characteristics are considered in terms of heat transfer mechanisms such as emulsion phase convection, gas convection and also thermal radiation. The obtained heat transfer data exhibits a maximum value with variation mean bed particle size irrespective of pressure. The results showed that the average HTC increases with a decrease of the Sauter mean particle diameter and with the increase of the fluidizing number as a result of good mixing dynamics in emulsion phase (i.e. emulsion wall contact time, bubble fraction in the bed). Based on the heat transfer data, empirical correlations are proposed for predicting a heat transfer coefficient from fluidized bed to horizontal tube bundle. The mechanistic heat transfer model predicted the average HTC in sufficient good agreement with accessible literature data. The predictions were as accurate refer to experimental data at the examined conditions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

y Background: The interactive effect of cumulative input and output on achieving optimal fluid balance has not been well elucidated in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). This study evaluated the interrelation of fluid components with mortality in patients with AKI requiring CRRT. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study conducted with a total of 258 patients who were treated with CRRT due to AKI between 2016 and 2018 in the intensive care unit of Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital. The amounts of fluid input and output were assessed at 24-h and 72-h from the initiation of CRRT. The study endpoints were 7- and 28-day all-cause mortality. Results: The mean patient age was 64.7 +/- 15.8 years, and 165 (64.0%) patients were male. During the follow-up, 7- and 28-day mortalities were observed in 120 (46.5%) and 157 (60.9%) cases. The patients were stratified into two groups (28-day survivors vs. non-survivors), and the cumulative fluid balances (CFBs) at 24 h and 72 h were significantly higher in the 28-day non-survivors compared with the survivors. The increase in 24-h and 72-h CFB was significantly associated with an increase in 7- and 28-day mortality risks. To examine the interactive effect of cumulative input or output on the impact of CFB on mortality, we also stratified patients into three groups based on the tertile of 24-h and 72-h cumulative input or output. The increases in 24-h and 72-h CFBs were still significantly related to the increases in 7-day and 28-day mortality, irrespective of the cumulative input. However, we did not find significant associations between increase in 24-h and 72-h CFB and increase in mortality risk in the groups according to cumulative output tertile. Conclusions: The impact of cumulative fluid balance on mortality might be more dependent on cumulative output. The physicians need to decrease the cumulative fluid balance of CRRT patients as much as possible and consider increasing patient removal.