Reducing the unburned combustible in the fly ash from a 45,000 Nm(3)/h Ende Pulverized-Coal Gasifier by applying steam-solid ejector
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
Authors: Liu, Xiaoying; Chen, Zhichao; Gao, Lushan; Zhang, Jia; Wang, Haopeng; Fang, Neng; Li, Zhengqi; Zeng, Lingyan; Song, Minhang
Abstract
Ejector is widely used in Industry areas. Ende pulverized-coal gasifiers (EPCG) as a type of atmospheric-pressure circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasifier have been widely used in Gasification field; however, in these, the return conduit of the reactor was generally not equipped with a feedback control device, which led to a part of the flue gas flowing directly from the reactor to the cyclone separator through the return conduit. Such a structure reduced the efficiency of the cyclone separator and increased the unburned combustible in the fly ash and fly ash discharge, which reduced the economic efficiency of the EPCG and increased the generated environmental pollution. This paper presents a method of using steam-solid ejectors as the feedback device to provide a stable pressure barrier. The steam-solid ejector was installed on the return conduit of a 45,000 Nm(3)/h EPCG. The steam mass flow rate was varied, and the corresponding pressure barrier of the ejector, the temperature and pressure of the reactor, the effective syngas concentration (CO, H-2), and the amount of unburned combustible in the fly ash were measured. For a steam pressure of 0.5 MPa and mass flow rate greater than 383 kg/h, the outlet pressure of the Ejector was higher than that at the bottom part of the reactor. In this manner, the pressure sealing of the flue gas flowing directly from the reactor to the cyclone separator through the return conduit could be realized. With an increase in the steam mass flow rate, the pressure barrier and the outlet pressure of the ejector continuously increased; the steam mass flow rate had a linear relationship with the pressure barrier. Compared with the original EPCG, when the steam pressure was 0.5 MPa, the mass flow rate was 617 kg/h, effective syngas concentration increased from 73.3% to 74.5%, and the unburned combustible content in the fly ash decreased from 26.9% to 19.9%.
Long-term safety and effectiveness of biosimilar insulin glargine in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus in routine clinical practice: results of a post-marketing safety study
CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION
Authors: Shingaki, Tomotaka; Taki, Kentaro; Koyanagi, Momoha; Nagaoka, Soshi; Yoshizawa, Kenichi; Oki, Norika; Yoshikawa, Aki; Imaoka, Takeshi
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of biosimilar insulin glargine (GLY) in real-world clinical practice. Methods: This prospective, non-interventional, multicenter, observational, post-marketing safety study (PMSS) enrolled Japanese patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM or T2DM) starting GLY therapy, and was required by Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Law mandating post-marketing safety surveillance to acquire safety and effectiveness data of biosimilar products. Data collected from the 12-month observation included patient characteristics, adverse events, and blood glucose control. Results: The study enrolled 141 patients with T1DM and 1104 patients with T2DM. Pre-study insulin was used by 94.1% of patients with T1DM and 75.0% with T2DM. 65.4% of patients with T1DM and 64.3% with T2DM switched from the reference product (GLY-switched), while 25.0% with T2DM were insulin-naive. Adverse events were reported by 5.7% and 8.5% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively. Similar incidences were reported in GLY-switched. Adverse events were reported by 10.7% in insulin-naive T2DM. Baseline mean hypoglycemic events/month were 1.8 and 0.1 in T1DM and T2DM, respectively: the mean change from baseline (CFB) was -1.2 (p = .066) and 0.0 (p = .915), respectively. Baseline mean HbA1c was 8.4% and 8.7% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively; the mean CFB was -0.5% (p < .001) and -0.9% (p < .001), respectively, and -1.5% (p < .001) in insulin-naive T2DM. Conclusions: This first long-term Japanese PMSS of GLY demonstrated adverse events, hypoglycemia, and glycemic control consistent with the known GLY profile for T1DM and T2DM patients, in routine clinical practice.