Magic™ Anti-PhosphoY (Phospho Y) monoclonal antibody, clone SR6

Recent studies have determined that gastrointestinal function contributes to the control of Parkinson's disease (PD). Gastrointestinal dysfunction results in a leaky intestinal barrier, inducing inflammation in the gut. Korean red ginseng (KRG) is widely used for the treatment of numerous afflictions, including inflammation and neurodegenerative disease. We investigated changes in the intestinal tight junctions and proinflammatory cytokines in the colon, and alpha-synuclein (aSyn) in the colon and the substantia nigra (SN) of a PD mouse model. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally administered 30 mg/kg of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) once a day for 5 days, and orally given 100 mg/kg of KRG for 12 consecutive days. Alterations in the levels of occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the colon, and the expressions of aSyn and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the colon and the SN were evaluated. Oral administration of KRG significantly prevents the MPTP-induced motor dysfunction, and suppresses the MPTP-induced disruption of occludin and ZO-1, and suppresses the increase in TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the colon of mice. In addition, KRG prevents accumulation of aSyn and TH in the colon and the SN. These results suggest that KRG has the potential to prevent MPTP-induced leaky gut barrier, inflammation, and accumulation of aSyn.

In this work, we synthesized novel polymer dots (Pdots) from polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) containing a racemic mixture ofR- andS-chiral centers as the hydrophobic conjugated polymer chains. AlthoughPIM-1showed no enantiomeric recognition abilities toward amino acids, we found that this ability can emerge after converting these hydrophobic polymers into nanosized water-soluble Pdots, using poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) as a co-polymer that provides carboxyl functional groups on the surface of the Pdots. The stronger interaction of Pdots with amino acids and their higher ability to discriminate the amino acid enantiomers were clearly confirmed by the quantum mechanical calculations, where the difference between the calculated energies for the interaction ofd- andl-amino acid enantiomers with the simulated Pdots were remarkably higher than those obtained for the interaction of the enantiomers with justPIM-1. Indeed, the carboxyl surface groups of Pdots played a critical hook-like role in bringing the amino acid enantiomers and chiral centers of the embeddedPIM-1closer together to provide more efficient interactions. The synthesized Pdots were successfully used as highly efficient chiral probes for chiral recognition and determination of the enantiomers of (Phe), tryptophan (Trp), and tyrosine (Tyr) as samples by both fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic methods. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of the suggested method to utilize hydrophobic chiroptical probes in enantiomeric recognition of hydrophilic chiral species.