There are only two types of light chain: kappa and lambda in mammals. Other types of light chains are found in lower vertebrates as the Ig-Light-Iota chain in Chondrichthyes and Teleostei. In each antibody, only one type is present and the two chains are identical. Each light chain has two successive domains: one constant and one variable domain. In humans 60% of light chains are kappa and 40% lambda,whereas in the mouse 95% of light chains are kappa. The amino acid sequences of lambda chains vary slightly at a few positions, allowing them to be classified into subtypes. The number of subtypes varies between species. Monoclonal immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC) are found in the serum and urine (Bence-Jones protein) of patients with a number of B-cell proliferative disorders, including multiple myeloma. Changes in serum FLC concentrations can provide a rapid and sensitive indication of response to treatment.
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