Anti-HAMP (aa 22-36) polyclonal antibody

Background: Iron deficiency is extremely common after bariatric surgery. HEPCIDIN, encoded by Hamp, is a hormone that negatively regulates iron homeostasis. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the alteration of Hamp expression and related regulatory factors to explore the probable role of DNA methylation in modulating Hamp expression in the context of iron deficiency after bariatric surgery. Setting: Laboratories of Diabetes Institute. Methods: RNA-seq was performed using rat liver tissue after either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy surgery to identify differentially expressed genes between the bariatric surgery and sham group. Hamp expression were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The DNA methylation level was determined using MassAR-RAY EpiTYPER. Iron status, erythrocyte parameters, and inflammation factors were assessed. Results: RNA-seq data showed that liver Hamp expression changed most dramatically in RYGB-operated rats. Both the mRNA expression of Hamp and the abundance of its protein product HEPCIDIN-25 decreased markedly after bariatric surgery compared with sham, while sleeve gastrectomy-operated rats showed marginally higher Hamp expression than RYGB-operated rats. The DNA methylation level of the Hamp promoter region was significant higher in RYGB-operated rats than sham, while sleeve gastrectomy rats increased slightly in DNA methylation. Consistent with the change of HEPCIDIN-25, serum iron was significantly lower for both bariatric groups than sham and particularly low in RYGB. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that elevated DNA methylation of the Hamp promoter region suppresses its expression, this epigenetic modification likely occurs in reaction to iron deficiency after bariatric surgery, helping to maintain system iron homeostasis. (C) 2019 American Society for Bariatric Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Environmental awareness is an essential attribute for all organisms. The chemotaxis system of Escherichia coli provides a powerful experimental model for the investigation of stimulus detection and signaling mechanisms at the molecular level. These bacteria sense chemical gradients with transmembrane proteins [methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs)] that have an extracellular ligand-binding domain and intracellular histidine kinases, adenylate cyclases, methyl-accepting proteins, and phosphatases (HAMP) and signaling domains that govern locomotor behavior. HAMP domains are versatile input-output elements that operate in a variety of bacterial signaling proteins, including the sensor kinases of two-component regulatory systems. The MCP HAMP domain receives stimulus information and in turn modulates output signaling activity. This study describes mutants of the Escherichia coli serine chemoreceptor, Tsr, that identify a heptad-repeat structural motif (LLF) at the membrane-proximal end of the receptor signaling domain that is critical for HAMP output control. The homodimeric Tsr signaling domain is an extended, antiparallel, four-helix bundle that controls the activity of an associated kinase. The N terminus of each subunit adjoins the HAMP domain; the LLF residues lie at the C terminus of the methylation-helix bundle. We found, by using in vivo Forster resonance energy transfer kinase assays, that most amino acid replacements at any of the LLF residues abrogate chemotactic responses to serine and lock Tsr output in a kinase-active state, impervious to HAMP-mediated down-regulation. We present evidence that the LLF residues may function like a leucine zipper to promote stable association of the C-terminal signaling helices, thereby creating a metastable helix-packing platform for the N-terminal signaling helices that facilitates conformational control by the HAMP domains in MCP-family chemoreceptors.