Anti-ENPEP monoclonal antibody, clone 7D4

The Bulgarian greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profile reveals the energy sector as the most significant emission source and also as an area where great potential for GHG emissions reduction exists. Mitigation options in energy supply were selected considering the potential of fossil fuel substitution and new energy technology implementation in the context of the existing structure of energy system and projects for mid- and long-term development. Basically three modules of ENPEP were used: BALANCE - to calculate the energy flows and energy cost from primary fuel resources and fuel import to energy end-use, IMPACT - to calculate GHG emissions, and ELECTRIC - to project the electric system long-term development. Different mitigation measures combined in four scenarios were developed. The integrated mitigation scenario incorporated a mix: of mitigation measures in the energy demand and supply. Implementation of CO2 mitigation measures both in energy demand and energy supply would reduce the 2020 emission level by 34.3 Tg (29.1%), and by 544.2 Tg (21.7%) for the entire study period 2000 - 2020, compared to the baseline scenario. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Pakistan is facing multiple challenges for harnessing the indigenous energy resources and devise rational energy policies. The country is believed to have abundant energy resources, however, coping substantial electricity supply gap of over 5000 MW. This paper analyses country's energy and power planning studies conducted since its independence in 1947 and policies announced so far. It is found that water resources management attained more emphasis in early decades of post-independence rather than energy concerns. The first energy and power planning study was conducted in late 1960s and since then various studies were undertaken to supplement five yearly medium term development plans of government. However, it is pertinent to mention that formal energy and power policies were only announced from 1994 onwards owing to growing electricity demand and progressing industrialization. Beside this, the focus of these policies is not only varied but were conceived without undertaking integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools e.g. MARKAL/TIMES; LEAP, ENPEP BALANCE, MESSAGE and EnergyPLAN. It is despite the fact that these tools are successfully applied globally for devising the energy policies and address the complexities of energy system by assisting effective policy formulation. This study recommends that integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools will be helpful to develop sustainable energy policies in Pakistan to eradicate electricity crises.