Anti-DPP4 (internal region) polyclonal antibody

Background. - This review evaluated the efficacy and safety of a combination therapy comprising a sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) in type 2 diabetes. Methods. - A literature search through to May 2017 was carried out of PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies were eligible if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SGLT2i plus DPP4i (SGLT2i/DPP4i) against DPP4i placebo or SGLT2i placebo and published in English. The primary outcome was change in HbA(1c) from baseline. Results. - Eight RCTs comparing SGLT2i/DPP4i and DPP4i, and five RCTs comparing SGLT2i/DPP4i and SGLT2i, with three RCTs involving both comparisons, were included in the present review. SGLT2i/DPP4i resulted in a greater mean HbAi, reduction [weighted mean difference (WMD]): 0.62%] than did DPP4i alone, which was a much less marked reduction (WMD: 0.35%) than with SGLT2i alone. Also, significant differences in body weight loss from baseline were observed only with SGLT2i/DPP4i vs. DPP4i, but not vs. SGLT2i. The risk of hypoglycaemic events was low and similar between treatment groups. When subjects were stratified based on baseline HbA(1c), any reduction by SGLT2i/DPP4i in relation to DPP4i was proportional to baseline HbA(1c) levels. However, compared with SGLT2i, HbAic reductions with SGLT2i/DPP4i were modest regardless of baseline HbA(1c). Conclusion. - Combination therapy with SGLT2i and DPP4i is both efficacious and safe. In particular, a marked additional glucose-lowering effect is evident when SGLT2i is combined with or added to DPP4i, and not vice versa. However, baseline HbA(1c) determined the additional glucose-lowering effects of SGLT2i in combined treatment with DPP4i. (C) 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. In dromedary camels, the virus only causes a mild infection but it spreads efficiently between animals. Differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in MERS-CoV pathogenesis and transmission. One of these host factors, the MERS-CoV receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), may be a critical determinant because it is variably expressed in MERS-CoV-susceptible species as well as in humans. This could partially explain inter- and intraspecies differences in the tropism, pathogenesis, and transmissibility of MERS-CoV. In this review, we explore the role of DPP4 and other host factors in MERS-CoV transmission and pathogenesis-such as sialic acids, host proteases, and interferons. Further characterization of these host determinants may potentially offer novel insights to develop intervention strategies to tackle ongoing outbreaks.