Anti-CEBPB monoclonal antibody

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are distributed throughout the body and play important roles in pathogen detection and tissue homeostasis. In tissues, resident macrophages exhibit distinct phenotypes and activities, yet the transcriptional pathways that specify tissue-specific macrophages are largely unknown. We investigated the functions and origins of two peritoneal macrophage populations in mice: small and large peritoneal macrophages (SPM and LPM, respectively). SPM and LPM differ in their ability to phagocytose apoptotic cells, as well as in the production of cytokines in response to LPS. In steady-state conditions, SPM are sustained by circulating precursors, whereas LPM are maintained independently of hematopoiesis; however, both populations are replenished by bone marrow precursors following radiation injury. Transcription factor analysis revealed that SPM and LPM express abundant CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-beta. Cebpb(-/-) mice exhibit elevated numbers of SPM-like cells but lack functional LPM. Alveolar macrophages are also missing in Cebpb(-/-) mice, although macrophage populations in the spleen, kidney, skin, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver are normal. Adoptive transfer of SPM into Cebpb(-/-) mice results in SPM differentiation into LPM, yet donor SPM do not generate LPM after transfer into C/EBP beta-sufficient mice, suggesting that endogenous LPM inhibit differentiation by SPM. We conclude that C/EBP beta plays an intrinsic, tissue-restricted role in the generation of resident macrophages.

Aims: The modulation of the intestinal expression of detoxifying proteins by relevant transcription factors, intracellular receptors and cytokines in ulcerative colitis (UC) is poorly understood. Here, we compared the intestinal expression of drug transporters, metabolizing enzymes and putative regulatory genes between inflamed and noninflamed tissue and studied their modulation by disease activity. Materials & methods: Sigmoidal biopsies of 18 UC patients and 18 healthy volunteers matched for age, gender and ABCB1 3435C>T genotype were investigated for mRNA expression levels of 43 systematically selected candidate genes by low-density array real-time PCR. Additionally, the ABCB1 gene product P-glycoprotein was visualized by immunohistochemistry and quantified by western blotting. Disease phenotype was categorized by clinical, endoscopic and histopathological examination. Disease activity was quantified by clinical activity index. Results: in inflamed sigmoidal tissue from UC patients, 11 genes (NAT1, NR2B1, CEBPB, IFG, IL8, 100, S100A12, SPP1, DEFA5, DEFA6 and HAMP) were overexpressed. By contrast, only the major human efflux transporter ABCB1 showed significantly lower expression levels, that were inversely correlated with those of certain antimicrobial peptides (DEFA5/6) and cytokines (IL1B and IL8). Cell culture experiments revealed a time-dependent decrease of ABCB1 expression upon IL8 exposure. Disease activity profoundly modified ABCB1 expression, indicated by an inverse correlation of clinical activity index values with ABCB1 mRNA expression (r = -0.603; p = 0.017) and markedly reduced protein expression in UC patients with moderate and severe symptomology (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Cytokine-mediated downregulation of the major human efflux transporter ABCB1 in inflamed intestine of UC patients is presumably dependent on disease activity, with a possible contribution from IL8.