Anti-C4 polyclonal antibody

Biomass-derived pyrolosis oil (aka. Bio-oil) contains high oxygen and other heteroatoms that prevent it from being directly used as a conventional fuel due to its thermal instability, non-volatility and corrosivity. Co-processing the bio-oil with vacuum gas oil (VGO, a petroleum refining feedstock) leverages the existing petroleum refining infrastructure which significantly reduces Capex for the bio-oil pathway. Increasing renewable carbon incorporation into conventional fuels is a critical step in biofuels development and adoption. To take advantage of this approach, a fast, economic and accurate method with a potenial online monitoring capability is needed for tracking the renewable carbon through processing and then using the information to guide optimization of the co-processing parameters to maximize renewable carbon incorporation in fuel products. Here, we have developed a high-precision analytical protocol that enables accurate C-13/C-12 ratio analysis for bio-oil/crude samples. Our study demonstrates that high-precision C-13/C-12 ratio analysis can be a viable way to track renewable carbon incorporation in bio-oil co-processing products including the feedstock derived from C3 plants and guide the optimization of the co-processing parameters. Comparison of delta C-13 with radiocarbon (C-14) results obtained by an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) reveals a significant correlation (R-2 = 0.998) and confirms delta C-13 applicability for tracking renewable carbon in co-processing systems. Because C4 plant-derived bio-oils (-13%) possesess more distinct delta C-13 values than C3 plant-derived biooils (-26%) relative to VGO (similar to-30%), the use of C4 plant-derived feedstock will greatly increase the renewable C traceability through C-13/C-12 ratio analysis in bio-oil co-processing.

New semi-aromatic bio-based copolyamides PA 4T/4Y and PA 6T/6Y were successfully synthesized in bulk by direct solid-state polycondensation in which hydrophobic bio-based dicarboxylic acids sebacic acid, octadecanedioic or hydrogenated dimer fatty acid (Y = C10, C18 or C36) alternate with terephthalic acid T. The absence of a polymerization solvent and the possibility of performing the polymerization on the dicarboxylic acid make it an interesting route for future production of alternating copolyamides. A stepwise synthetic approach is taken where first terephthalic acid-based diamide diamines of the linear C4 or C6 diamines 4T4 or 6T6 are prepared, followed by preparation of solid salts with the above aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and subjecting the salts to a solid-state post-condensation. The alternation is achieved by the interlocking of the 4T4 or 6T6 units in the salts with the bio-based dicarboxylic acids and polymerizing these salts below the melt temperature of the terephthalamide-based core. During the polycondensation, the transamidation reaction of the terephthalamide moiety is prevented and with that the randomization of the polyamide. Especially the diaminobutane-based PA 4T/4Y copolyamides show strict alternation, leading to interesting properties like high crystallinity and high melting points of 250 to 318 degrees C supported by a randomness value of 2, determined using C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The special alternating feature becomes especially clear when heating the polymer in the melt state, when the transamidation of the terephthalamide moieties is no longer prevented by the interlocking principle, leading to lowering of the randomness value and therewith the melting point and crystallinity. (c) 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry