Magic™ Anti-C4c Complement polyclonal antibody

Calcretes and palustrine carbonates are two types of continental carbonates that contain significant environmental information and can be found in nearshore environments. In three stratigraphic sections studied in the coastal area of the Yucatan Peninsula and the island of Cozumel, multiple levels of calcretes and palustrine carbonates were identified. The presence of these continental carbonates combined with calcarenites suggests a transition from a shallow marine deposit to a continental environment for paleosol development. This research analyzes the geochemical (delta C-13 and delta O-18), mineralogical and micromorphological characteristics of the calcarenite, palustrine carbonate and calcretes to infer their paleoenvironmental formation conditions. The mineralogy of the samples consists entirely of aragonite and calcite. The micromorphology allowed us to identify alpha-calcretes and beta-calcretes, as well as palustrine carbonates such as peloidal and mottled limestones. The isotopic signature of Palustrine carbonate has an intermediate isotopic signature (delta C-13 mean value of - 5.24 parts per thousand, delta O-18 mean value of - 4.9 parts per thousand), falling between that of calcarenites and calcretes. The delta C-13 (ranging from -10.10 to - 7.50 parts per thousand) and delta O-18 ( - 5.63 to - 4.64 parts per thousand) values of all calcretes analyzed in this work are similar to the values reported for the Pleistocene and Holocene calcretes exposed in the Caribbean Sea region. Isotopic values of delta C-13 in the studied sections are interpreted as the result of a change in vegetation from a predominant C3 vegetation associated with a cool-wet climate to a C3/C4 mixed vegetation, which is a plant cover that grows in a drier-hotter climate.

Geminiviruses induce severe developmental abnormalities in plants. The C4/AC4 protein encoded by geminiviruses, especially those not associated with betasatellites, functions as a symptom determinant by hijacking a shaggy-related protein kinase (SK eta) and interfering with its functions. Here, we report that the symptom determinant capabilities of C4 proteins encoded by different geminiviruses are divergent and tightly correlated with their abilities to interact with SK eta from Nicotiana benthamiana (NbSK eta). Swap of the minidomain of tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TL-CYnV) C4 critical for the interaction with NbSK eta increases the capacities of the C4 proteins encoded by tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) or tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) to induce symptoms. The severity of symptoms induced by recombinant TYLCCNV C4 or TbCSV C4 correlates with the amount of NbSK eta tethered to the plasma membrane by the viral protein. Moreover, a recombinant TYLCCNV harboring the minidomain of TLCYnV C4 induces more-severe symptoms than wildtype TYLCCNV. Thus, this study provides new insights into the mechanism by which different geminivirus-encoded C4 proteins possess divergent symptom determinant capabilities. IMPORTANCE Geminiviruses constitute the largest group of known plant viruses and cause devastating diseases in many economically important crops worldwide. Geminivirus-encoded C4 protein is a multifunctional protein. In this study, we found that the C4 proteins from different geminiviruses showed differential abilities to interact with NbSKn, which correlated with their symptom determinant capabilities. Moreover, a minidomain of tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) C4 that is indispensable for interacting with NbSK eta and tethering it to the plasma membrane, thus leading to symptom induction, was determined. Supporting these findings, a recombinant geminivirus carrying the minidomain of TLCYnV C4 induced more-severe symptoms than the wild type. Therefore, these findings expand the scope of the interaction of NbSK eta and C4-mediated symptom induction and thus contribute to further understanding of the multiple roles of C4.