Human C4A(Complement C4-A) ELISA Kit

Yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA) (Sipha flava, Forbes) is a damaging pest on many grasses. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a perennial C4 grass, has been selected as a bioenergy feedstock because of its perceived resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. Aphid infestation on switchgrass has the potential to reduce the yields and biomass quantity. Here, the global defense response of switchgrass cultivars Summer and Kanlow to YSA feeding was analyzed by RNA-seq and metabolite analysis at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation. Genes upregulated by infestation were more common in both cultivars compared to downregulated genes. In total, a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the YSA susceptible cultivar (Summer), and fewer DEGs were observed in the YSA resistant cultivar (Kanlow). Interestingly, no downregulated genes were found in common between each time point or between the two switchgrass cultivars. Gene co-expression analysis revealed upregulated genes in Kanlow were associated with functions such as flavonoid, oxidation-response to chemical, or wax composition. Downregulated genes for the cultivar Summer were found in co-expression modules with gene functions related to plant defense mechanisms or cell wall composition. Global analysis of defense networks of the two cultivars uncovered differential mechanisms associated with resistance or susceptibility of switchgrass in response to YSA infestation. Several gene co-expression modules and transcription factors correlated with these differential defense responses. Overall, the YSA-resistant Kanlow plants have an enhanced defense even under aphid uninfested conditions.

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is a perennial C4-plant with outstanding sustainable potential for bioenergy, grazing and silage, It is able to fix nitrogen in association with diazotrophic bacteria and is a high biomass producer, even in low fertility soils. This study aimed to investigate the response of two elephant grass genotypes (PCEA and PMN hybrid) to inoculation, via seed coat and leaf spray, withAzospirillum baldaniorum(Sp245) andGluconacetobacter diazotrophicus(LP343), grown in the field. In addition, in situ colonization of field PCEA minisets with labeled mCherry strain LP343 and gfp strain Sp245 was analyzed. The results showed that the PCEA genotype produced a higher amount of biomass and total N than the PMN hybrid when inoculated with strain Sp245 on seeds and strain LP343 sprayed on leaves. The quantification of the(15)N abundance (delta N-15) showed no biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) contribution by either of the inoculated strains and mode of application in leaves of PCEA genotype. The microscopy confocal analysis showed internal tissue colonization of sprouted PCEA minisets by strain LP343 while detection of Sp245 was reduced during the assays. In contrast, leaf surface spot inoculation showed no internal tissue colonization by either strain although the LP343 strain remained longer on the leaf surface. The heavy miniset plant tissue colonization by LP343 (roots and leaves) could be related to its host specificity as compared to Sp245 and may therefore be responsible for the higher increase in the total N accumulated in the plant superior to N fertilization. This effect could, however, involve mechanisms other than the BNF process.