Anti-ATP5B (aa 150-250) polyclonal antibody

Recent studies have revealed that antidepressants affect the expression of constitutively expressed housekeeping genes commonly used as normalizing reference genes in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiments. There has yet to be an investigation however on the effects of mood-stabilizers on housekeeping gene stability. The current study utilized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from patients with mood disorders to investigate the effects of a range of doses of lithium (0, 1, 2 and 5mM) and sodium valproate (0, 0.06, 0.03 and 0.6mM) on the stability of 12 housekeeping genes. RNA was extracted from LCLs and qPCR was used to generate cycle threshold (Ct) values which were input into RefFinder analyses. The study revealed drug-specific effects on housekeeping gene stability. The most stable housekeeping genes in LCLs treated: acutely with sodium valproate were ACTB and RPL13A; acutely with lithium were GAPDH and ATP5B; chronically with lithium were ATP5B and CYC1. The stability of GAPDH and B2M were particularly affected by duration of lithium treatment. The study adds to a growing literature that the selection of appropriate housekeeping genes is important for the accurate normalization of target gene expression in experiments investigating the molecular effects of mood disorder pharmacotherapies. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Beta adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and mediate various physiological processes in many species. The expression patterns and functions of beta-ARs in zebrafish are, however, largely unknown. We have identified zebrafish beta-AR orthologs, which we have designated as adrb1, adrb2a, adrb2b, adrb3a and adrb3b. adrb1 was found to be expressed in the heart and brain. Expression of adrb2a predominated in the brain and skin, whereas adrb2b was found to be highly expressed in muscle, pancreas and liver. Both adrb3a and adrb3b were exclusively expressed in blood. Knock-down of these beta-ARs by morpholino oligonucleotides revealed a functional importance of adrb2a in pigmentation. Expression of atp5a1 and atp5b, genes that encode subunits of F1F0-ATPase, which is known to be involved in pigmentation, was significantly increased by knock-down of adrb2a. Our data suggest that adrb2a may regulate pigmentation, partly by modulating F1F0-ATPase. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.