A rapid HPLC-DAD method for quantification of amikacin in pharmaceuticals and biological samples using pre-column derivatization with Hantzsch reagent
JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
Authors: Maheshwari, Madan Lal; Memon, Najma; Memon, Ayaz Ali; Khuhawar, Muhammad Yar; Memon, Abdul Hakeem
Abstract
Amikacin (AMK) is an important member of aminoglycoside class, and its determination has therapeutic importance due to its matchless potency against gram -ve pathogens. Due to narrow therapeutic window, its monitoring in clinical samples is inevitable. Direct determination of AMK using HPLC with UV-visible detection is not possible because of its limited absorbance. Herein, Hantzsch reagent (mixture of acetylacetone, formaldehyde and acetate buffer) was used as pre-column derivatization for AMK. UV-visible detection was performed at 340 nm. Separation and identification of derivatized drug (amikacin) were carried out using C-18 column Kromasil 100 (15 cm x 0.46 mm, 5 mu m) with isocratic mobile phase elution of pH 5 (acetate buffer 0.01 M):acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) with flow rate of 1 ml/min. The procedure was able to resolve AMK from endogenous compounds and from cephalosporin drug (most prescribed combination) with run time of 10 min. Under optimized conditions; calibration curve was linear in the range 0.10-25.0 mu g/mL with LOD and LOQ values of 0.024 and 0.071 mu g/mL. Method was also validated for reproducibility, ruggedness and accuracy. The procedure was found sensitive, robust and precise for the comprehensive analysis (qualitative and quantitative) that was applied for determination of AMK in pharmaceuticals, urine and blood samples.
The Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Mexico During the Last Decade: Results from the INVIFAR Group
MICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE
Authors: Garza-Gonzalez, Elvira; Franco-Cendejas, Rafael; Morfin-Otero, Rayo; Echaniz-Aviles, Gabriela; Rojas-Larios, Fabian; Bocanegra-Ibarias, Paola; Flores-Trevino, Samantha; Ponce-de-Leon, Alfredo; Rodriguez-Noriega, Eduardo; Alavez-Ramirez, Norma; Pablo Mena-Ramirez, Juan; Rincon-Zuno, Joaquin; Guadalupe Fong-Camargo, Maria; Teresita Morales-De-la-Pena, Cecilia; Rocio Huerta-Baltazar, Carla; Esau Lopez-Jacome, Luis; Noemi Carnalla-Barajas, Maria; Soto-Nogueron, Araceli; Sanchez-Francia, Domingo; Moncada-Barron, David; Ortiz-Brizuela, Edgar; Garcia-Mendoza, Lourdes; Alberto Newton-Sanchez, Oscar; Victoria Choy-Chang, Elena; Karina Aviles-Benitez, Laura; Martinez-Miranda, Rafael; Manuel Feliciano-Guzman, Jose; Dennise Pena-Lopez, Cynthia; Antonio Couoh-May, Carlos; Lopez-Gutierrez, Eduardo; Gil-Veloz, Mariana; Carlos Armenta-Rodriguez, Luis; Manriquez-Reyes, Marisol; Gutierrez-Brito, Maricruz; Lopez-Ovilla, Ismelda; Adame-Alvarez, Cesar; Manuel Barajas-Magallon, Juan; Aguirre-Burciaga, Efren; Mabel Coronado-Ramirez, Adriana; Aracely Rosales-Garcia, Alina; Sida-Rodriguez, Silvia; Elma Urbina-Rodriguez, Rosa; Isabel Lopez-Moreno, Laura; Edith Juarez-Velazquez, Gloria; Thelma Martinez-Villarreal, Rebeca; Luis Canizales-Oviedo, Jorge; Miguel Cetina-Umana, Carlos; Magdalena Perez-Juarez, Maria; Gonzalez-Moreno, Arturo; Romero-Romero, Daniel; David Bello-Pazos, Fidencio; Aguilar-Orozco, Gilberto; Eric Barlandas-Rendon, Nicolas Rogelio; Yanelli Maldonado-Anicacio, Joyarib; Valadez-Quiroz, Alejandro; Camacho-Ortiz, Adrian
Abstract
Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an international approach with national and local strategies. Our aim was to summarize a retrospective 10-year report of antibiotic resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in Mexico. Methods: A total of 46 centers from 22 states of Mexico participated. Databases of AMR from January 2009 to December 2018 were included for most species. The 10-year period was divided into five 2-year periods. Results: For Staphylococcus aureus, a decrease in resistance in all specimens was observed for erythromycin and oxacillin (p < 0.0001 for each). For Enterobacter spp., resistance to meropenem increased for urine specimens (p = 0.0042). For Klebsiella spp., increased drug resistance in specimens collected from blood was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin (p < 0.0001 for each), meropenem (p = 0.0014), and aztreonam (p = 0.0030). For Acinetobacter baumannii complex, high drug resistance was detected for almost all antibiotics, including carbapenems, except for tobramycin, which showed decreased resistance for urine, respiratory, and blood isolates (p < 0.0001 for each), and for amikacin, which showed a decrease in resistance in urine specimens (p = 0.0002). An increase in resistance to cefepime was found for urine, respiratory, and blood specimens (p < 0.0001 for each). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aztreonam resistance increased for isolates recovered from blood (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: This laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance shows that resistance is increasing for some antibiotics in different bacterial species in Mexico and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.