Protein L Ligand Leakage ELISA

Spirotetramat, a member of tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives, is a unique insecticide and acaricide. Although the effect on zebrafish embryos lipid biosynthesis of spirotetramat has been characterized, the energy metabolism and toxic effect mechanism warrant further investigation. To investigate the toxic mechanism of spirotetramat on energy metabolism, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 100, 500 and 1000 ng/L of spirotetramat for 4 days. Untargeted metabolomics showed the synthesis and degradation of ketone pathway metabolites (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid and Acetoacetate significantly decreased, as well as increasing the abundance of Anti-Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase protein (ACC1). Downregulation of the genes related to $-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the embryos show decreased energy metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT- I) significantly decreased while citrate synthase (CS) significantly increased. Additionally, mitochondrial lesions in embryos were found using electron microscopy. Our study provides novel and robust perspectives, which show that spirotetramat treatment in embryos leads to metabolic disturbances that adversely affect cellular energy homeostasis. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) can elicit plant immunity and defence responses in rice plants, but exactly how this promotes plant growth remains largely unknown. Herein, we explored the effects of 0.5 mg/L COS on plant growth promotion in rice seedlings by measuring root and stem length, investigating biochemical factors in whole plants via proteomic analysis, and confirming upregulated and downregulated genes by real-time quantitative PCR. Pathway enrichment results showed that COS promoted root and stem growth, and stimulated metabolic (biosynthetic and catabolic processes) and photosynthesis in rice plants during the seedling stage. Expression levels of genes related to chlorophyll a-b binding, RNA binding, catabolic processes and calcium ion binding were upregulated following COS treatment. Furthermore, comparative analysis indicated that numerous proteins involved in the biosynthesis, metabolic (catabolic) processes and photosynthesis pathways were upregulated. The findings indicate that COS may upregulate calcium ion binding, photosynthesis, RNA binding, and catabolism proteins associated with plant growth during the rice seedling stage.