Anti-KIT monoclonal antibody, clone 5G8

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in human medicine, but seldom used in veterinary practice. Even so, the efficacy of PRP in osteoarthritis, dental implants, bone defects and wound healing in dogs and horses is well documented. There are many commercially available PRP tubes and kits for horses and humans, but studies on the effectiveness of these products in dogs are limited. Researches have demonstrated that systems developed for humans and horses do not always produce the same results in dogs. In the present study, two prevailing systems, a sodium citrate-based system and a gel-based system, were compared in terms of their platelet output. The data obtained revealed that, although there was no statistically significant difference between the two systems, the sodium citrate-based kit is probably more efficient in practice due to its superiority in volume output. PRP is an important component of regenerative therapy. It is autologous and practical, but has not been sufficiently implemented in veterinary practice, but promising clinical satisfaction and must be considered in various conditions.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Kai-Xin-San (KXS) has been prescribed by TCM doctors for treating psychiatric diseases with the core symptoms of anhedonia, amnesia, and dizziness. According to the symptoms of patients, KXS series formulae are created by varying the compatible ratio of herbs. Today, these formulae are still used in the clinic to treat major depressive disorders. Aim of the study: We hoped to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of Kai-Xin-San via regulation of the gut-brain axis. Materials and methods: Standardized extracts of three representative compatible ratios of KXS had been prepared, and quality control of the extracts was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like mice were used as the depression animal model. After KXS treatment, the antidepressant-like effects of KXS were assessed by behavioural tests. The gut microbiota compositions in the faeces were determined by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. The levels of LPS, pro-inflammatory cytokines and HPA-axis-related hormones were measured by ELISA kits, and the expression of barrier proteins in the small intestines and prefrontal cortex were determined by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, antibiotics were used to determine the correlation between KXS exerting an antidepressant-like effect and regulating the gut-brain axis. Results: KXS alleviated depression-like behaviours in CUMS-exposed mice. Furthermore, these parameters were also found to be changed after KXS treatment. Alteration of the gut microbiota composition were found in the small intestines. A decrease in the LPS and the pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in both the small intestine and brain. An increase in the tight junction proteins was found in the gut epithelium barrier and the blood-brain barrier. A decrease in the stress-related hormones was found in the central nervous system. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment attenuated the antidepressant-like effect of KXS in CUMS-exposed mice. Conclusions: KXS exerted an antidepressant-like effect regulating the gut-brain axis, which included gut micro-environment modification, suppression of neuronal inflammation in the brain and inhibition of HPA axis activation in CUMS-induced depression-like mice.