Mouse Anti-Bovine SELL Hybridoma [EV2-30]

In the present work, biodiesel esters were produced by enzymatic reaction of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) with ethanol using a dry fermented solid (DFS) with lipase activity obtained by Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) in palm cake and fiber in an integrated process. The DFS humidity showed to have a great influence on the productivities and ester yields. PFAD conversion of 75 % was obtained in esterification reaction with a molar ratio of 1:1 (hydrous ethanol: PFAD), 8.65 U/g DFS at 50 degrees C after 6 h, similar to the attained with Lipozyme RM IM although the reaction rate (g consumed FFA.h(-1).g biocatalyst(-1)) was higher using the commercial lipase. The process was possible to be scaled-up at least 16 times for SSF and 50 times for the reaction, and the biocatalyst production process was reduced from 10 to 8 days. Biocatalyst washing before its reuse removed more than 90 % of the medium adsorbed on the DFS which improved the biocatalyst reuse. The biocatalyst was also able to convert palm oil into ethyl esters with an ester yield of 59 % obtained in a molar ratio ethanol: palm oil of 3:1, 8.7 U/g DFS at 45 degrees C in 72 h. A preliminary economic assessment of DFS production costs considering a projected capacity of 100 t.year(-1), and 7% interest, showed a minimum selling price of 25 $. kg(-1) to obtain positive Net Present Value. Even Lipozyme RM IM presenting a better efficiency, the non-commercial biocatalyst presented a better productivity / price (16 g consumed FFA.h(-1).g biocatalyst(-1).$(-1)) while for Lipozyme RM IM this value was 12 (g consumed FFA.h(-1).g biocatalyst(-1).$(-1)). Further optimizations in SSF process could improve even more the enzyme production yield (enzyme activity/g of material).

Background There are limited data globally on HIV in men who engage in casual and transactional sex with female tourists. Methods In 2018 we carried out a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey among beach boys in Galle, Sri Lanka, to determine prevalence of HIV and other infections, HIV risk behaviours and utilisation of HIV prevention services. Eligibility criteria included men who cruise in and around beach areas and who had anal and/or vaginal sex with female or male tourists in the 12 months before the survey. Results We recruited 373 beach boys. Approximately 49.6% of the participants were married, while 45.7% were single and 4.7% divorced, separated or widowed. A lower percentage of beach boys reported regular partners in the past 12 months (52.3%) compared to casual partners (95.4%). Condom use at last sex with a casual partner was higher (76.7%) compared to condom use with regular partners (58.3%). Condom use at last sex with a tourist was reported by 75.3%. Ever receiving money, goods or services in exchange for sex was reported by 39.7%. For 85.5% of beach boys who sold sex, the last paying partner was a tourist (85.5%) and a woman (82.0%). In the past 12 months before the survey, 32.3% of beach boys paid money for sex, and 99.5% did so from women. Ever been tested for HIV was reported by 35.3, and 69.1% of those were tested in the 6 months before the survey. In the adjusted multivariate analysis, significant correlates of never testing for HIV were lack of comprehensive knowledge about HIV and unprotected last sexual intercourse with tourists. The prevalent infections were: HIV, 0.3% (95% CI 0.0-0.4%); syphilis, 0.5% (0.0-1.2%); herpes virus type-2, 5.0% (2.5-7.5%). Conclusions There are low level HIV and syphilis prevalence among beach boys in Galle but a high level of sexual risk taking. Beach boys may be acting as a bridge for HIV transmission between higher-risk groups (paying female tourists, men who have sex with men) and lower-risk heterosexual female population in Sri Lanka. More research is needed in South-East Asia on men who trade sexual services to female and male tourists.