Native Salmonella pullorum and gallinarum Antigen

The present study investigates antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracted samples of Ziziphus mauritiana var. spontanea and Oenothera biennis against different microbes. Ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Z. mauritiana var. spontanea measured the highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The MIC values of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Z. mauritiana var. spontanea were the lowest for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus. Highest zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown by ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of O. biennis. Lowest MIC value was noted for ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of O. biennis against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Shigella flexneri. The ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Z. mauritiana var. spontanea showed good antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum. Minimum MIC value was shown by ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Z. mauritiana against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. The ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract of O. biennis revealed maximum antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. The MIC value of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of O. biennis was lowest for Fusarium solani and Penicillium notatum. Phytochemical screening of Z. mauritiana var. spontanea and O. biennis revealed the presence of amino acids, reducing sugar, proteins, triterpenoids, gums and mucilages, fats, steroids, phenols and phytosterol.

This study groups together pulse electric field variables such as electric field intensity, pulse repetition rate, treatment time, and electrical conductivity of food in a single integrated energy density parameter and correlate it with the inactivation rate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. A continuous bench scale PEF system (OSU-4H) was used to treat juice samples with the combinations of 5 electric field strengths and 5 pulse repetition rates. Nonlinear survival curves were modeled by numerically solving a differential equation by the Runge-Kutta method. The developed model successfully described the survival kinetics of the involved pathogens. The model was validated with different juices and PEF treatments and demonstrated that it was able to satisfactorily predict the experimental data as well as data from literature. These predictions suggest that the model is suitable for precisely estimating the inactivation rate of foodborne pathogens of concern in juices by PEF processing.