Anti-atpA (full length) polyclonal antibody

Aims To aim of the study was to describe the genetic relationship between isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum with a main emphasis of samples from Chile and Norway. The isolates have been obtained from farmed salmonids in Norway and Chile, and from wild salmonids in Norway, but isolates from North America and European countries are also included in the analysis. Methods and Results The study is based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and seven housekeeping genes (HG), gyrB, atpA, dnaK, trpB, fumC, murG and tuf, and the use of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system, based on nucleotide polymorphism in the HG, as an alternative to the phylogenies. The variation within the selected genes was limited, and the phylogenetic analysis gave little resolution between the isolates. The MLST gave a much better resolution resulting in 53 sequence types where the same sequences types could be found in Chile, North America and European countries, and in different host species. Conclusions Multilocus sequence typing give a relatively good separation of different isolates of Fl.psychrophilum and show that there are no distinct geographical or host-specific isolates in the studied material from Chile, North America and Europe. Nor was it possible to separate between isolates from ulcers and systemic infections vs isolates from the surface of healthy salmonids. Significance and Impact of the Study This study shows a wide geographical distribution of Fl.psychrophilum, indicating that the bacterium has a large potential for transmission over long distances, and between different salmonid hosts species. This knowledge will be important for future management of salmonids diseases connected to Fl.psychrophilum.

Dunaliella viridis is a green microalga containing beta-carotene, which is the precursor of astaxanthin, the most active antioxidant in Haematococcus pluvialis. Two key enzymes of H. pluvialis, beta-carotene hydroxylase (CRTR-B) and beta-carotenoid ketolase (BKT), are required for converting beta-carotene to astaxanthin in D. viridis via the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway. Considering the location of beta-carotene in the chloroplast of D. viridis, the two modified genes encoding BKT and CRTR-B in H. pluvialis were integrated via homologous recombination into the chloroplast genome, in this study. In the chloroplast, the homologous recombination vector pMD-bkt-crtr (16S-TrnA-atpA-bkt-crtR-B-rbcL-psbA-bar-TrnI-23S), bkt and crtR-B were regulated by the atpA promoter in a polycistron. The presence of astaxanthin in the D. viridis mutant expressing BKT and CRTR-B was verified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the maximum content of total astaxanthin and canthaxanthin after high light induction were 77.5 +/- 7.7 and 50.1 +/- 0.8 mu g g(-1) in dry weight, respectively. Our results indicate that D. viridis can be used as a cell factory for astaxanthin production.