XIAP blocking peptide

Ataxia-telegiectasia mutated (ATM), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and p85 alpha are key tumour suppressors. Whether ATM regulates PTEN expression and influence platinum sensitivity is unknown. We generated ATM knockdowns (KD) and CRISPR knock outs (KO) in glioblastoma (LN18, LN229) and ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR3, OVCAR4). Doxycycline inducible PTEN expression was generated in LN18 and LN229 cells. Transient KD of p85 alpha, CK2, and XIAP was accomplished using siRNAs. Stable p85 alpha knock-in was isolated in LN18 cells. Molecular biology assays included proteasome activity assays, PCR, flow cytometry analysis (cell cycle, double strand break accumulation, apoptosis), immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, clonogenic, invasion, migration, and 3D neurosphere assays. The clinicopathological significance of ATM, PTEN, p85 alpha, and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) was evaluated in 525 human ovarian cancers using immunohistochemistry. ATM regulated PTEN is p85 alpha dependant. ATM also controls CK2 alpha level which in turn phosphorylates and stabilizes PTEN. In addition, p85 alpha physically interacts with CK2 alpha and protects CK2 alpha from ATM regulated degradation. ATM deficiency resulted in accumulation of XIAP/p-XIAP levels which ubiquitinated PTEN and CK2 alpha thereby directing them to degradation. ATM depletion in the context of p85 alpha deficiency impaired cancer cell migration and invasion reduced 3D-neurosphere formation and increased toxicity to cisplatin chemotherapy. Increased sensitivity to platinum was associated with DNA double strand breaks accumulation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of autophagy. In ovarian cancer patients, ATM, PTEN, p85 alpha, and XIAP protein levels predicted better progression free survival after platinum therapy. We unravel a previously unknown function of ATM in the regulation of PTEN thro mu gh XIAP mediated proteasome degradation.

Evasion of apoptosis has been identified as one of the essential hallmarks of cancer. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are implicated in a host of myeloid malignancies, providing the rationale for strategies aimed at neutralizing IAPs to lower the cancer cell apoptosis threshold. Modes of IAP antagonism may include down-regulating IAP expression, up-regulating endogenous pro-apoptotic proteins, such as tumour necrosis factor- or Fas ligand, or directly antagonizing IAP activity against caspases. Direct targeting of IAPs using mimetics of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC) protein has shown therapeutic promise by sensitizing the effect of chemotherapy on malignant cells. In pre-clinical studies, SMAC mimetics have demonstrated broad synergistic activity with a wide range of therapeutics, including cytotoxic chemotherapy, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, agents targeting death receptors and alternative mechanisms of cell death, such as necroptosis or autophagy and immune check point blockade. SMAC mimetics represent a novel approach for further investigation in patients with high-risk, chemo-refractory blood cancers, as single agents or in thoughtfully selected combinations. In this review, we discuss the development and therapeutic rationale of small molecule SMAC mimetics, with an emphasis on agents in clinical development for myeloid malignancies.