We recommend the following antibodies for sandwich ELISA:
(Capture - Detection): CABT-RM050 - DMAB9687
Target
Alternative Names
Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa and Inaba; V. cholerae O1 Ogawa and Inaba; cholerae O1 Ogawa and Inaba
Citations
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Background
Cholera is a life-threatening diarrhea disease caused by a strain of Vibrio cholerae, which produces cholera toxin. Before 1992, cholera was primarily caused by two serotypes, Inaba (AC) and Ogawa (AB), and two biotypes, classical and El Tor, of toxigenic O group 1 V. cholerae. Two primary serotypes share a common O1 antigen known as the A-antigen in the cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The difference between the two serotypes is determined by the presence or absence of methyl groups in the nonreducing terminal carbohydrate of the O1-antigen. Ogawa serotype has a methylated LPS, forming the B-antigen, while Inaba serotype lacks a methylated LPS, resulting in the C-antigen.
The identification of these organisms involved testing for agglutination in specific antiserum that targets the lipopolysaccharide component of their cell walls, as well as demonstrating their ability to produce enterotoxins. In 1992, a new serogroup known as O139, also referred to as "Bengal," emerged as a cause of epidemic cholera in India and Bangladesh. This serovar can be distinguished by the absence of agglutination in O group 1-specific antiserum, agglutination in O group 139-specific antiserum, and the presence of a capsule surrounding the bacterium.
Figure 1. Morphology of Vibrio cholerae O139 and O1. (Source: Chaiyanan, S. et al., 2007)
V. cholerae O1 is characterized by its ability to cause severe watery diarrhea, often accompanied by vomiting, leading to hypovolemic shock and acidosis. It is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is sensitive to acid, with most organisms perishing in the stomach. However, the surviving virulent organisms can adhere to and colonize the small bowel, where they secrete a potent cholera enterotoxin known as CT or "choleragen." This enterotoxin binds to the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, triggering a rise in cyclic adenosine 51-monophosphate (cAMP) production. Consequently, the elevated intracellular cAMP level leads to the massive secretion of electrolytes and water into the intestinal lumen, causing the characteristic voluminous watery stools associated with cholera.
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References
Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection in Africa
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Keddy, K. H., Sooka, A., Parsons, M. B., Njanpop-Lafourcade, B. M., Fitchet, K., Smith, A. M.
Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 is necessary for cholera outbreak confirmation. Rapid diagnostic testing of fecal specimens, based on lipopolysaccharide detection of V. cholerae O1 or O139, may assist in early outbreak detection and surveillance. Cary-Blair transport medium is recommended for specimen transport. Filter paper, although used in epidemics, needs evaluation against rectal swab specimens. Fecal specimens are subcultured onto selective and nonselective media, including 5% blood agar and TCBS agar, for detection of V. cholerae O1 or O139. Suspicious, oxidase-positive isolates are serotyped in monovalent antisera. Antimicrobial-susceptibility testing is performed to detect resistance. Molecular characterization supports phenotypic identification and outbreak investigations. The presence of genes encoding cholera toxin, lipopolysaccharide, and El Tor biotype traits can be confirmed. Standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis facilitates strain comparison. Quality management ensures reliability of results through validation and verification of functional laboratory equipment; quality control of testing procedures, laboratory reagents, and consumables; and participation in proficiency-testing schemes.
Epidemiologic application of a standardized ribotype scheme for Vibrio cholerae O1
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Authors: Popovic, T., Bopp, C., Olsvik, O., Wachsmuth, K.
A standardized scheme of 27 different BglI ribotypes and subtypes of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains is proposed on the basis of data from 214 human and environmental strains isolated in 35 countries and 14 U.S. states over the past 60 years. The ribotype patterns obtained are reproducible and stable over time. Seven different but very similar ribotypes (1a to 1g) were observed among 16 strains of the classical biotype. Twenty ribotypes and subtypes were identified among 198 V. cholerae O1 strains of the El Tor biotype. Six different patterns were found among the strains causing the current seventh pandemic. Strains of ribotype 8 originated only in central African countries, while those of ribotype 3 originated mainly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. The most widely distributed strains were those of ribotype 6, which was subdivided into three very similar but still distinguishable subtypes. The present Latin American epidemic is caused by strains of ribotype 5. Strains of this ribotype were isolated from several other geographic locations but can be differentiated from the Latin American strains by other molecular methods. Strains associated with two documented environmental reservoirs exhibited three distinct ribotype patterns; those isolated from patients who ate food from the U.S. Gulf waters were all of ribotype 2, while the strains related to the northeast Australian rivers were of ribotypes 9 and 10. Nontoxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains originating in Latin America and the U.S. Gulf Coast did not form a specific cluster of ribotypes. Ribotyping in combination with other well-defined methods can assist in epidemiologic investigations, helping to trace the movement of strains and to identify their geographic origins.
COA
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Figure 1. Morphology of Vibrio cholerae O139 and O1.
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