Sulfamethoxazole ELISA Kit

Objective: The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of intestinal carriage by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae among Portuguese students attending a Bachelors' course in healthcare, and to determine the molecular features of ESBL-producing isolates. Methods: One-hundred and eleven faecal samples recovered from Portuguese healthcare students were screened for either ESBL-producing, carbapenem-resistant, colistin-resistant or pan-aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, using respective screening media. All recovered isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and characterised by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: A total of 17 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (16 Escherichia coli and a single Klebsiella pneumoniae) were recovered from 16 students, representing a prevalence of 14.5%. The E. coli isolates were distributed into three sequence types (STs) and seven PFGE types. The most common ESBL identified was CTX-M-1 (n= 13; 76%), followed by CTX-M-15 (n = 3; 18%) and CTX-M-8 (n=1; 6%). The majority of the strains were resistant to sulfonamides (88%) and fosfomycin (71%). Resistance to aminoglycosides was observed at a low rate, that is 12% for both tobramycin and kanamycin. No colistin-, carbapenem- or pan-aminoglycoside-resistant isolates were recovered. A major clone, ST10-bla(CTX-M-1), included 12 E. coli isolates. The bla(CTX-M-1) gene was always located on an IncFIA/FIB plasmid type, co-harbouring genes encoding resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fosfomycin. Conclusion: The most commonly identified ESBL gene in E. coli was bla(CTX-M-1), usually identified among ESBL-producing isolates recovered from animals. A high prevalence of faecal carriage of ESBL-producing E. coli was found among healthy healthcare students, underlying this population as an important reservoir. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.

In this study, the effects of Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) based quorum quenching (QQ) on biofouling control and the mitigated biofouling on the rejection of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) i.e., carbamazepine (CBZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in forward osmosis (FO) were systematically investigated. The results showed that methyl anthranilate (MA), the inhibitor of the PQS pathway, efficiently alleviated biofouling. Compared to that in the control experiment, the normalized fluxes at the optimal concentrations of MA was mitigated by 21%, and the amount of secreted biomass was reduced by nearly 50%. The two selected PhACs exacerbated biofouling and diminished the effects of the inhibitor on biofouling control. The rejections of CBZ and SMZ showed similar trends of first decreasing and then increasing during the 48-h dynamic biofouling experiment. The solution-dilution effect led to higher rejection of PhACs at the initial stage; then, the concentration polarization caused by the biofilms reduced the rejections of the two PhACs; subsequently, steric hindrance played a dominant role, resulting in an increase of the rejection.