CWPS is supplied in a vial containing minimum 10 mg lyophilized purified antigen
Nature
Native
Tag/Conjugate
Unconjugated
Format
lyophilized purified antigen
Preservative
None
Storage
Store at 15-25°C
Introduction
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, aerotolerant anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus. A significant human pathogenic bacterium, S. pneumoniae was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century, and is the subject of many humoral immunity studies.Despite the name, the organism causes many types of pneumococcal infections other than pneumonia.
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Background
S. pneumoniae (Streptococcus pneumoniae ) is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of various infections in humans, including pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, otitis media, and sinusitis. The cell wall of S. pneumoniae consists of multiple layers, with the outermost layer containing polysaccharides known as the capsule. The capsule is a key virulence factor and plays a crucial role in the pathogenicity of S. pneumoniae. It serves as a protective barrier against the host immune system, particularly phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages.
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the major virulence factors of S. pneumoniae. (Source: A Nieto, P. et al., 2013)
The capsule of S. pneumoniae is composed of various polysaccharides. These polysaccharide antigens are specific to different serotypes of S. pneumoniae and exhibit a high degree of structural diversity. To date, more than 95 different capsular serotypes have been identified, each characterized by a unique combination of polysaccharides. Given the importance of cell wall polysaccharide antigens in the pathogenicity and immune evasion of S. pneumoniae, they have become a major target for vaccine development. Vaccines designed to target these antigens aim to stimulate an immune response that can recognize and neutralize the specific polysaccharides associated with virulent serotypes. Pneumococcal vaccines, such as pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), have been developed to provide protection against S. pneumoniae infections. PPSV contains purified polysaccharides from multiple serotypes, while PCV combines specific polysaccharides with carrier proteins to enhance the immune response, particularly in children.
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The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae is the dominant surface structure of the organism and plays a critical role in virulence, principally by interfering with host opsonophagocytic clearance mechanisms. The capsule is the target of current pneumococcal vaccines, but there are 98 currently recognised polysaccharide serotypes and protection is strictly serotype-specific. Widespread use of these vaccines is driving changes in serotype prevalence in both carriage and disease. This chapter summarises current knowledge on the role of the capsule and its regulation in pathogenesis, the mechanisms of capsule synthesis, the genetic basis for serotype differences, and provides insights into how so many structurally distinct capsular serotypes have evolved. Such knowledge will inform ongoing refinement of pneumococcal vaccination strategies.
Streptococcus pneumoniae has a complex cell wall that plays key roles in cell shape maintenance, growth and cell division, and interactions with components of the human host. The peptidoglycan has a heterogeneous composition with more than 50 subunits (muropeptides)—products of several peptidoglycan-modifying enzymes. The amidation of glutamate residues in the stem peptide is needed for efficient peptide cross-linking, and peptides with a dipeptide branch prevail in some beta-lactam-resistant strains. The glycan strands are modified by deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine residues and O-acetylation of N-acetylmuramic acid residues, and both modifications contribute to pneumococcal resistance to lysozyme. The glycan strands carry covalently attached wall teichoic acid and capsular polysaccharide. Pneumococci are unique in that the wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid contain the same unusually complex repeating units decorated with phosphoryl choline residues, which anchor the choline-binding proteins. The structures of lipoteichoic acid and the attachment site of wall teichoic acid to peptidoglycan have recently been revised. During growth, pneumococci assemble their cell walls at midcell in coordinated rounds of cell elongation and division, leading to the typical ovococcal cell shape. Cell wall growth depends on the cytoskeletal FtsA and FtsZ proteins and is regulated by several morphogenesis proteins that also show patterns of dynamic localization at midcell. Some of the key regulators are phosphorylated by StkP and dephosphorylated by PhpP to facilitate robust selection of the division site and plane and to maintain cell shape.
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Figure 1. Schematic representation of the major virulence factors of S. pneumoniae.
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