Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax pLDH; Malaria; P. vivax pLDH; P. vivax MSP-1; P. vivax MSP1-cap
Purity
≥ 95% pure (SDS-PAGE), Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) using Ni (II)-NTA.
Format
Liquid
Concentration
Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.
Buffer
50mM Tris-HCl, 0.15M NaCl, pH 8.0
Preservative
None
Storage
Store at -20°C. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles
Antigen Description
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. The most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring (Benign tertian) malaria, P. vivax is one of the five species of malaria parasites that commonly infect humans. It is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five, but vivax malaria can lead to severe disease and death due to splenomegaly (a pathologically enlarged spleen). P. vivax is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito, since it is only the female of the species that bite.
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Background
Malaria remains a challenging infectious disease to control, with efforts to eradicate it showing limited success. Early and accurate diagnosis of malaria is crucial for reducing its impact on health. While traditional diagnostic methods like Giemsa-stained blood smears and PCR are considered gold standard, they have limitations such as time-consuming procedures and the need for specialized training and equipment. To overcome these limitations, rapid immunochromatographic tests have been developed for diagnosing malaria. However, the selection of target antigens for these tests has been limited.
Currently available malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) primarily target specific antigens like Plasmodium histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2) and Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) to detect different Plasmodium species. However, RDTs for Plasmodium vivax, a common species causing malaria, have shown poorer sensitivity compared to those for Plasmodium falciparum. The sensitivity of malaria RDTs generally relies on the amount of parasites (parasitaemia) present in the patient's blood. However, there is a common issue observed in treatment monitoring cases where the presence of gametocytes (sexual stage of the parasite) can lead to discrepancies in RDT results. This makes monitoring treatment outcomes through pLDH-based tests challenging.
Among the different RDTs used for malaria, those based on detecting pLDH show better sensitivity, aligning well with the levels of parasitaemia. The levels of pLDH reflect the presence of metabolically active P. vivax parasites, as pLDH tend to disappear rapidly within three to five days in the body. Therefore, pLDH-based malaria RDTs could be useful not only for diagnosing P. vivax infections but also for monitoring patient responses to anti-malarial treatment. Consequently, pLDH has become a preferred target in the development of many malaria RDTs.
Figure 1. Correlations between parasitaemia and the levels of pLDH among isolated Plasmodium vivax patients with clinical symptoms. (Source: Jang, J. W. et al., 2013)
1. Jang J W, et al. pLDH level of clinically isolated Plasmodium vivax and detection limit of pLDH based malaria rapid diagnostic test. Malaria journal. 2013, 12: 1-6.
Q: Is DAGA-220 Recombinant P. vivax pLDH His supplied as an enzymatically active tetramer?
A: No. DAGA-220 is intended for immunoassay applications, including ELISA and LFIA. It is not supplied as a validated enzymatically active tetramer, and its enzymatic activity has not been tested.
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References
Global epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Authors: Howes, R. E., Battle, K. E., Mendis, K. N., Smith, D. L., Cibulskis, R. E., Baird, J. K., Hay, S. I.
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria, putting 2.5 billion people at risk of infection. Its unique biological and epidemiological characteristics pose challenges to control strategies that have been principally targeted against Plasmodium falciparum. Unlike P. falciparum, P. vivax infections have typically low blood-stage parasitemia with gametocytes emerging before illness manifests, and dormant liver stages causing relapses. These traits affect both its geographic distribution and transmission patterns. Asymptomatic infections, high-risk groups, and resulting case burdens are described in this review. Despite relatively low prevalence measurements and parasitemia levels, along with high proportions of asymptomatic cases, this parasite is not benign. Plasmodium vivax can be associated with severe and even fatal illness. Spreading resistance to chloroquine against the acute attack, and the operational inadequacy of primaquine against the multiple attacks of relapse, exacerbates the risk of poor outcomes among the tens of millions suffering from infection each year. Without strategies accounting for these P. vivax-specific characteristics, progress toward elimination of endemic malaria transmission will be substantially impeded.
Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent cause of malaria worldwide and the leading cause of malaria outside of Africa. Although infections are seldom fatal clinical disease can be debilitating and imposes significant health and economic impacts on affected populations. Estimates of transmission and prevalence intensity can be problematic because many episodes of vivax originate from hypnozoite stages in the liver that have remained dormant from previous infections by an unknown mechanism. Lack of treatment options to clear hypnozoites and the ability to infect mosquitoes before disease symptoms present represent major challenges for control and eradication of vivax malaria. Compounding these challenges is the unique biology of P. vivax and limited progress in development of experimental research tools, thereby hindering development of new drugs and vaccines. Renewed emphasis on vivax malaria research is beginning to make progress in overcoming some of these challenges.
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Correlations between parasitaemia and the levels of pLDH among isolated Plasmodium vivax patients with clinical symptoms.
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