Rabbit Anti-RPA2 monoclonal antibody, clone TO17-47

We studied the effects of neuroleptic haloperidol on electric characteristics (resting potential, action potential threshold, and critical level of depolarization) of command neurons LPa3, RPa3, LPa2, and RPa2 responsible for defense behavior in edible snail Helix Lucorum. Chronic administration of haloperidol. led to hyperpolarization shift of the membrane potential and increased the threshold of action potential in these neurons. The data indicate a new possible mechanism of sedative action of neuroleptics based on hyperpolarization of some cerebral neurons, in particular, neurons responsible for some behavioral functions.

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of replication protein A (RPA) in both superficial (Ta-T1) and muscle-invasive (T2-T4) urothelial carcinomas (UCs), investigating its potential prognostic usefulness. PATIENTS AND METHODS Paraffin-embedded tissue from 156 patients with bladder UC was immunostained for RPA1 and RPA2. RESULTS RPA1 and RPA2 labelling indexes (LIs) decreased with increasing histological grade (both P < 0.001) and T-category in the entire cohort (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively) and in muscle-invasive carcinomas (P = 0.014 and P = 0.012, respectively). RPA1 expression was positively correlated with RPA2 (Spearman's correlation coefficient. = 0.309, P < 0.001). Both RPA1 and RPA2 LIs were positively correlated with cyclin D1 expression (rho = 0.354, P < 0.001 and rho = 0.934, P < 0.001). In survival analysis of the entire cohort decreased RPA2 and RPA1 correlated with a lesser probability of survival (P < 0.001 and P = 0.018). In non-muscle-invasive tumours (Ta-T1) only lower RPA2 (P < 0.001) was correlated with shortened survival, whereas in muscle-invasive tumours (T2-T4) decreased RPA2 and RPA1 expression levels were associated with adverse prognosis (P = 0.035 and P = 0.042, respectively). In multivariate survival analysis of the entire cohort and in non-muscle-invasive cases RPA2 expression remained significant, even when adjustment for cyclin D1 expression was applied. CONCLUSIONS RPA1 and RPA2 overexpression seems to be more important during early T-categories of bladder carcinogenesis. Showing similar kinetics with cyclin D1. RPA2 expression emerges as a valuable marker of favourable prognosis in the entire cohort and in non-muscle-invasive tumours, supplementing the information obtained by standard clinicopathological prognosticators.