Buffer
Conjugation is determined at pH 8.5 by measuring NP absorbance at 430nm, using the extinction coefficient of NP= 4.23 x 10E+03. The conjugation ratio is given as a molar ratio of NP to OVAL assuming the molecular weight of OVAL is 45,000. Store solution in aliquots at -20°C. Protect from light. This product can be dissolved in PBS buffer, water or other neutral buffers at a concentration of 1mg/mL. Product may precipitate when stored in solution, therefore it is recommended to centrifuge the solutions briefly before use and use only the supernatant. When using PBS please refer to the formulation below. PBS Formulation: 8 g NaCl 0.2 g KCl 0.2 g potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) 1.15 g di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) Add to 1 L of water.
Natural Killer T follicular helper cell function permits affinity maturation in nasal associated lymphoid tissue
Montgomerie, I., Cotterell, J., Pankhurst, T. E., Button, K. R., Morgan, C., Marshall, A. J., Painter, G. F., Compton, B. J., & Connor, L. M.
Applications: Antigen
Reactive species: Mouse
"Abstract: Germinal centres (GCs) in mucosal tissues such as the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) generate high-affinity antibodies critical for protective, and in some cases, sterilising immunity. Therefore, initiation of GCs at the respiratory mucosa is of tremendous clinical significance in the development of mucosal vaccines. However, GC initiation in NALT is limited in part by a scarcity of CD4⁺ T follicular helper (TFH) cells, and the tolerogenic environment in the NALT. Here, we identify a critical role for Natural Killer T (NKT) cells with a follicular helper-like phenotype (NKTFH) in driving NALT GC formation. Unlike their systemic counterparts, mucosal NKT cells evade anergy after repeated stimulation and remain poised to provide early cognate B cell help to CD1d-presented antigens. We show that NKTFH provide IL-21, allowing for GC recruitment and functionally substituting for a pre-expanded CD4⁺ TFH pool. These findings reveal a previously unrecognised NKT-dependent mechanism of GC seeding in the NALT and suggest that inclusion of an NKT cell agonist into intranasal vaccines could overcome GC entry bottlenecks and enhance high-affinity antibody responses."
Article snippet: NP–OVA was given twice, 2 weeks apart (25 μg NP–OVA, Creative Diagnostics, Cat # DAGB510).
COA
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