NP [BSA-Fluorescein]

Pudlak [14] lists several major complexity theoretic conjectures relevant to proof complexity and asks for oracles that separate pairs of corresponding relativized conjectures. Among these conjectures are: CON and SAT: coNP (resp., NP) does not contain many-one complete sets that have P-optimal proof systems. NP boolean AND coNP: NP boolean AND coNP does not have many-one complete problems. P not equal NP. We construct two of the oracles that Pudlak asks for: Relative to the first oracle, NP boolean AND coNP holds and CON does not hold. Relative the second oracle, P not equal NP holds and both CON and SAT do not hold. This separates P not equal NP from another conjecture by Pudlak, namely the conjecture CON boolean OR SAT. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cell wall-associated defence against zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as well as nitro-oxidative signalling and its consequences in plants are poorly examined. Therefore, this study compares the effect of chemically synthetized ZnO NPs (similar to 45 nm, 25 or 100 mg/L) on Brassica napus and Brassica juncea seedlings. The effects on root biomass and viability suggest that B. napus is more tolerant to ZnO NP exposure relative to B. juncea. This may be due to the lack of Zn ion accumulation in the roots, which is related to the increase in the amount of lignin, suberin, pectin and in peroxidase activity in the roots of B. napus. TEM results indicate that root cell walls of 25 mg/L ZnO NP-treated B. napus may bind Zn ions. Additionally, callose accumulation possibly contribute to root shortening in both Brassica species as the effect of 100 mg/L ZnO NPs. Further results suggest that in the roots of the relatively sensitive B. juncea the levels of superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, pemxinitrite and S-nitmsoglutathione increased as the effect of high ZnO NP concentration meaning that ZnO NP intensifies nitro-oxidative signalling. In B. napus; however, reactive oxygen species signalling was intensified, but reactive nitrogen species signalling wasn't activated by ZnO NPs. Collectively, these results indicate that ZnO NPs induce cell wall remodeling which may be associated with ZnO NP tolerance. Furthermore, plant tolerance against ZnO NPs is associated rather with nitmsative signalling than oxidative modifications.