Native IAV H3N2 (A/Brisbane/10/07) Antigen

Background: New jurisdictionally-based vaccination programs were established providing free quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) for preschool Australian children in 2018. This was in addition to the National Immunisation Program (NIP) funded QIV for Indigenous children and children with comorbid medical conditions. We assessed the impact of this policy change on influenza disease burden and vaccine coverage, as well as report on 2018 vaccine effectiveness in a hospital-based surveillance system. Methods: Subjects were recruited prospectively from twelve PAEDS-FluCAN sentinel hospital sites (April until October 2018). Children aged <= 16 years hospitalised with an acute respiratory illness (ARI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza were considered cases. Hospitalised children with ARI who tested negative for influenza were considered controls. VE estimates were calculated from the adjusted odds ratio of vaccination in cases and controls. Results: A total of 458 children were hospitalised with influenza: 31.7% were <2 years, 5.0% were Indigenous, and 40.6% had medical comorbidities predisposing to severe influenza. Influenza A was detected in 90.6% of children (A/H1N1: 38.0%; A/H3N2: 3.1%; A/unsubtyped 48.6%). The median length of stay was 2 days (IQR: 1,3) and 8.1% were admitted to ICU. Oseltamivir use was infrequent (16.6%). Two in-hospital deaths occurred (0.45%). 12.0% of influenza cases were vaccinated compared with 36.0% of test-negative controls. Vaccine effectiveness of QIV for preventing influenza hospitalisation was estimated at 78.8% (95%CI: 66.9; 86.4). Conclusions: Compared with 2017 (n = 1268 cases), a significant reduction in severe influenza was observed in Australian children, possibly contributed to by improved vaccine coverage and high vaccine effectiveness. Despite introduction of jurisdictionally-funded preschool programs and NIP-funded vaccine for children with risk factors for severe disease, improved coverage is required to ensure adequate protection against paediatric influenza morbidity and mortality. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A new series ofN-(3-oxo-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antiviral activity. These new spirothiazolidinone compounds (3a-f,4a-f) were prepared by a cyclocondensation reaction of hydrazides (1,2) and appropriate ketones with 2-sulfanylpropionic acid. All compounds were characterized by IR,H-1 NMR, and elemental analysis.N-(8-Ethyl-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)-4-methylbenzamide (3c)and 4-methyl-N-(2-methyl-3-oxo-8-propyl-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)benzamide (3d)exhibited strong activity against influenza A/H3N2 virus, at EC(50)values of 0.5 and 0.2 mu M and a selectivity index of about 50. Besides, 4-methyl-N-(2-methyl-3-oxo-8-phenyl-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)benzamide (3e)and 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-(3-oxo-8-tert-butyl-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]dec-4-yl)acetamide (4f)inhibited human coronavirus 229E, at EC(50)values of 9.8 and 8.6 mu M, and a favorable selectivity index for4f. This indicates the versatility of the spirothiazolidinone scaffold to achieve new classes of antiviral molecules.