Anti-His tag monoclonal antibody

For increasing the output of biofuel cells, increasing the cooperation between enzyme reaction and electron transfer on the electrode surface is essential. Highly oriented immobilization of enzymes onto a carbon nanotube (CNT) with a large specific surface area and excellent conductivity would increase the potential for their application as biosensors and biofuel cells, by utilizing the electron transfer between the electrode-molecular layer. In this study, we prepared a CNT-enzyme complex with highly oriented immobilization of enzyme onto the CNT surface. The complex showed excellent electrical characteristics, and could be used to develop biodevices that enable efficient electron transfer. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were dispersed by pyrene butyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, and then N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl) iminodiacetic acid (AB-NTA) and NiCl2 were added to modify the NTA-Ni2+ complex on the CNT surface. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was immobilized on the CNT surface through a genetically introduced His-tag. Formation of the MWCNT-enzyme complex was confirmed by monitoring the catalytic current electrochemically to indicate the enzymatic activity. PQQ-GDH was also immobilized onto a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite surface using a similar process, and the enzyme monolayer was visualized by atomic force microscopy to confirm its structural properties. A biofuel cell was constructed using the prepared CNT-enzyme complex and output evaluation was carried out. As a result, an output of 32 mu W/cm(2) could be obtained without mediators.

Manet is prone to different types of malicious attacks. Security in MANET is hard to achieve because of its dynamic nature. However, identification of potential problematic nodes can help in avoiding the usage of these during data transfer. An early detection of these problematic nodes can substantially enhance the preventive approach for security. Human Immune System (HIS) approach has been greatly used in detection of problematic nodes in MANET. Hence, we propose an approach for problematic node identification with negative selection, danger theory and clonal selection using source-based immunization. We tag the nodes as problematic based on monitoring of their behavior by the source node. Further, we propose tag scaling to capture the severity of the malicious intent based on behavior. The proposed work has been simulated and presented with the results being compared with the existing approaches. The simulation results revel that the proposed work has a better packet delivery ratio in presence of malicious nodes.