Background
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the nine herpesviruses of equids and is one of the most significant and widespread pathogens posing a threat to horses. EHV-1 is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome consisting of two regions: unique long (UL) and unique short (US), and it has 12 surface glycoproteins. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory diseases and can spread to distant organs, leading to abortion, stillbirth, and a severe neurological condition known as equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). EHV-1 can survive at room temperature for 7-35 days and is transmitted through direct contact with secretions (nasal discharge, placental fluids, semen, etc.) or indirectly through air, water, and other means. In the past decade, outbreaks of EHV-1 infections have become increasingly frequent, causing significant economic losses to the horse industry.
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of EHV-1 Pathogenesis ( Source: Oladunni F S, et al., 2019)
Following respiratory tract infection, EHV-1 is characterized by entering a latent phase in the host's sensory neurons or lymphocytes and can reactivate under certain conditions, leading to lifelong infection and persistent presence and transmission within horse populations. Horses typically experience their first EHV-1 infection in their youth, during which the latency phase is established. Apart from respiratory infection, the neurovirulence of EHV-1 has garnered significant attention. About 10% of horses develop severe neurological diseases after EHV-1 infection, with mares showing symptoms such as lameness, paralysis, and even death, along with abortion (with an incidence rate of 4.5% to 8.9% of total infections), premature birth, and perinatal death.
Currently, there are no diagnostic methods to detect latent EHV-1 infections, nor are there specific drugs or vaccines available for its control in production. Measures such as issuing health certificates, quarantine and disinfection, timely infection detection, and controlling horse movement are employed to reduce transmission. With ongoing research, several critical immune mechanisms have been revealed. After EHV-1 infection, horses initially trigger an innate immune response in the upper respiratory tract mucosa, followed by immune regulation in the blood and vascular endothelium. Therefore, blocking mucosal entry might be a fundamental approach to preventing EHV-1 infection. However, since neurological diseases cannot generally be prevented through vaccination, relying solely on vaccines may not achieve effective control.
Alternative Names
Anti-Equine Herpesvirus 1 polyclonal antibody
Anti-EHV-1 pAb
Anti-Equine Herpesvirus type 1 polyclonal antibody
EHV-1 polyclonal antibody
Polyclonal antibody against EHV-1
Polyclonal antibody for Equine Herpesvirus 1
Anti-EHV-1 polyclonal sera
Anti-Equine Herpesvirus 1 pAb
References
- 1. Oladunni F S, et al., EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 10:2668
References
Contribution of the immune response to the pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1): Are there immune correlates that predict increased risk or protection from EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy?
The Veterinary Journal
Authors: Soboll Hussey, G. ; Giessler, K.S.
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a devastating consequence of EHV-1 infection that has significant economic consequences. However, clinical EHM is relatively rare and occurs in only approximately 10% of infected horses. While there is a positive correlation between the duration and magnitude of viremia and incidence of EHM, it is likely that a combination of host and viral factors determine whether EHM occurs. The identification of these factors is of high interest for the equine community and has been the topic of much research for vaccine development and to predict which horses might be most at risk for developing EHM. The aim of this review is to highlight host immunity contributions to EHM pathogenesis at different sites of EHV-1 infection to shed light on the different aspects and interdependence of the response to EHV-1 in the time course of infection.
Unmasking the Ongoing Challenge of Equid Herpesvirus- 1 (EHV-1): A Comprehensive Review
Microbial Pathogenesis
Authors: Afify, A. F.; Hassanien, R.T.; El Naggar, R.F.; Rohaim, M.A.; Munir, M.
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are a group of highly impactful viral pathogens that affect horses, presenting a substantial risk to the global equine industry. Among these, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) primarily causes respiratory infections. However, its ability to spread to distant organs can lead to severe consequences such as abortion and neurological diseases. These viruses can enter a dormant phase, with minimal activity, and later reactivate to trigger active infections at any time. Recently, there has been a notable rise in the prevalence of a particularly devastating strains of EHV-1 known as equid herpesviral myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In the light of dynamic nature of EHV-1, this review provides a thorough overview of EHV-1 and explores how advances in viral biology affect the pathophysiology of viral infection. The information presented here is crucial for understanding the dynamics of EHV-1 infections and creating practical plans to stop the virus's global spread among equid populations.
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