Carbofuran ELISA Kit

Bioaugmentation with ligninolytic fungi represents a potential way to improve the performance of biomixtures used in biopurification systems for the treatment of pesticide-containing agricultural wastewater. The fungus Trametes versicolor was employed in the bioaugmentation of a biomixture to be used in the simultaneous removal of seven fungicides. Liquid cultures of the fungus were able to remove tebuconazole, while no evidence of carbendazim, metalaxyl and triadimenol depletion was found. When applied in the biomixture, the bioaugmented matrix failed to remove all the triazole fungicides (including tebuconazole) under the assayed conditions, but was efficient to eliminate carbendazim, edifenphos and metalaxyl (the latter only after a second pesticide application). The re-addition of pesticides markedly increased the elimination of carbendazim and metalaxyl; nonetheless, no clear enhancement of the biomixture performance could be ascribed to fungal bioaugmentation, not even after the re-inoculation of fungal biomass. Detoxification efficiently took place in the biomixture (9 d after pesticide applications) according to acute tests on Daphnia magna. DGGE-analysis revealed only moderate time-divergence in bacterial and fungal communities, and a weak establishment of T. versicolor in the matrix. Data suggest that the non-bioaugmented biomixture is useful for the treatment of fungicides other than triazoles. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The field efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Trichoderma viride liquid formulations was investigated against natural populations of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. Two field experiments were conducted to test the effect of these biocontrol agents by seed treatment (ST) at 100 mL/kg of seed and by soil drenching (SD) at 5 L/ha. Their effect was compared with that of carbofuran 3G at 1 kg a.i. ha(-1). Results showed that all the tested biocontrol agents were capable of reducing M. hapla juvenile (J2) population in soil, infection of female population in roots and egg numbers per gram of root at various levels. The biocontrol efficacy also varied according to the delivery method. The P. fiuorescens-ST caused greatest reduction of J2 populations (67-69%) in soil, female infection (67-69%) in roots and egg numbers per gram of root (68-69%). Similar efficacy was observed in P. lilacinum-SD, which reduced J2 population by 64-67%, infection of female populations by 62-63% and egg numbers by 63-66%. The carrot plants treated with P. fiuorescens-ST and P. lilacinum-SD were 33-36% taller with 28-36% more leaves and 27-30% longer leaves than untreated plants. It resulted in 20-21% higher root tuber yield in P. fluorescens-ST and 19% in P. lilacinum-SD plots. Root colonization of the introduced P. fiuorescens was 6 times higher when it was applied as ST than as SD. The trend was opposite in P. lilacinum, which colonized 4-5 times higher in the SD method than as ST. The efficacy was comparable with that of carbofuran application. It is concluded that P. fluorescens-ST at 100 mL/kg of seed and P. lilacinum-SD at 5 L/ha are highly effective for the management of M. hapla, which infects carrot under field conditions.