Anti-CR2 Monoclonal antibody, clone 9E0 [PE/Cy7®]

The diffusion and substitution mechanisms of Cr in forsterite were studied as a function of crystallographic orientation and the chemical potentials of all four components in the system MgO-SiO2-Cr-O. Oxygen fugacity (f(O2)) was varied over 15.4 log units at 1400 degrees C and was fixed at the iron-wustite equilibrium for a temperature series (1200-1500 degrees C). The valence state changes of Cr along some diffusion profiles was also investigated using X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Cr diffusion was found to be anisotropic (fastest along the c axis), and considerably faster in the presence of protoenstatite (high silica activity, a(SiO2)) than in the presence of periclase (low a(SiO2)). Cr diffusion profiles were longer at lower f(O2) with more extreme diffusive anisotropy at higher f(O2) . Determined Cr diffusion coefficients were similar to those of Fe-Mg inter-diffusion in olivine at equivalent conditions. The diffusivity of Cr was found to be a function of its own concentration, but, as an approximation, Cr diffusion (in m(2)/s) along the c axis of pure forsterite, at an f(O2) corresponding to iron-wustite at 200 mu g/g Cr could be described using: logD(Cr) = -4.37 +/- 0.26 m(2)/s + -316 +/- 8 kJ/mol/2.303 RT where R is the gas constant in kJ/Kmol and T is the temperature in Kelvin. In forsterite, the valence state ratio of chromium (Cr2+/Sigma Cr, where Cr2+ broken vertical bar Cr3+) changed systematically along diffusion profiles. The equilibrium Cr2+/Sigma Cr ratio imposed by the f(O2) of the experiment was observed at the diffusion interface, and this changed to a constant value in the crystal interior. Cr3+ always substitutes onto an octahedral site in olivine. At high a(SiO2), Cr3+ uses M site vacancies ([vac]) for charge balance (i.e. Cr-4/3(3+)[vac](2/3)SiO4), whereas at low a(SiO2) a new mechanism was observed with charge balance achieved by Mg2+ on the tetrahedral site producing a 'spinel type' substitution, Cr-2(3+) MgO4. Cr2+ always substitutes directly for Mg-,(2+) forming the Cr22+SiO4 substitution. Comparative experiments using San Carlos olivine showed slightly faster Cr diffusion, a lesser concentration dependence of diffusion and no Cr valence state change along diffusion profiles. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Currently, lasers are widely used for surgery, medical diagnostics and oncology research. Unfortunately, most of the used laser sources have a significant drawback - the lack of operating wavelength tuning possibility, which imposes significant limitations on the investigation of biological tissue spectral properties and searching for the optimal mode of their treatment. Comparison between different promising mid-IR sources was made. We report on development of mid-infrared (mid-IR) tunable lasers based on the Cr2+:CdSe single-crystals. These lasers operate in CW mode with the maximum output power of up to 2 W and possible tuning range from 2.2 to 3.6 mu m.