Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin ELISA Kit

Name: Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin ELISA Kit
SKU: DEIA05710
Rating: 5 (1 reviews)

Regulatory status: For research use only, not for use in diagnostic procedures.

COA

SDS

Datasheet

Summary

Sample

stool

Species Reactivity

Human

Detection Method

sELISA

Intended Use

The Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Test is an enzyme immunoassay for the rapid detection of enterotoxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. It can be used to detect enterotoxin in fecal specimens from persons suspected of having C. perfringens disease.

Contents of Kit

1. Diluent, 40 mL (buffered protein solution + 0.02% thimerosal*). The Diluent is also to be used as the negative control solution (see ASSAY PROCEDURE).
2. Conjugate, 7 mL (polyclonal antibody speciffc for enterotoxin coupled to horseradish peroxidase - in a buffered protein solution + 0.02% thimerosal*).
3. Substrate, 14 mL (buffered solution containing tetramethylbenzidine and peroxide).
4. Positive Control Reagent, 3.5 mL (enterotoxin in a buffered protein solution containing 0.02% thimerosal*).
5. Wash Buffer Concentrate, 50 mL (20× concentrate containing phosphate-buffered saline, detergent and 0.2% thimerosal*).
6. Stop Solution, 7 mL (0.6 N sulfuric acid). CAUTION: Avoid contact with skin. Flush with water immediately if contact occurs.
7. 12 Assay Well Strips, each consisting of 8 wells coated with polyclonal antibody speciffc for enterotoxin (stored with desiccant).
ACCESSORIES
100 disposable plastic pipettes, 2 plastic adhesive sheets, 50 applicator sticks

Storage

2-8°C. Upon arrival, the kit should be inspected to ensure that the components are not frozen or warm-to-the-touch due to improper shipping conditions. Each component in the kit should be inspected for any signs of leakage. The expiration date of the kit is given on the label. Expiration dates for each component are listed on the individual labels. The kit containing the reagents with designated shelf life should be stored between 2° and 8°C and should be returned to the refrigerator as soon as possible after use.

General Description

Intestinal disease caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin is the result of food poisoning following the consumption of contaminated, precooked food which has been inadequately stored or reheated. The disease was ffrst reported at the turn of the last century and has become increasingly well characterized since the mid-1940s. Diarrhea and abdominal cramps are typical features, whereas vomiting and death are uncommon. Symptoms appear from 12 to 24 hours after the suspect meal is eaten and last for about 24 hours. During food poisoning, the organism is consumed, sporulation takes place in the gut, enterotoxin is released, and disease follows. Enterotoxin is the product of the cpe gene and the two bacterial phenotypes are designated Ent+ and Ent-. Clearly, since most Ent- strains tested can sporulate, enterotoxin production is not a prerequisite for spore formation. However, although some enterotoxin is formed during exponential growth, the transcriptional factors activating the sporulation genes also up-regulate the cpe gene and maximum levels of enterotoxin occur during sporulation. Food poisoning as well as the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of C. perfringens enterotoxin have been well reviewed by Rood and Cole (1) and Stringer (2).
Even in the absence of typical food poisoning, C. perfringens enterotoxin can be produced in vivo, resulting in diarrhea. Following disruption of the normal intestinal microffora by agents such as antibiotics, clostridia can colonize the vacated ecological niches within the bowel. (Clostridium difffcile and Clostridium spiroforme both infect susceptible hosts in this way.) In one study of C. perfringens diarrheas (3), 60% were antibiotic-associated. Just as the symptoms of foodborne botulism differ from those seen in infants with in vivo intoxication, the clinical features of C. perfringens food poisoning and antibiotic-associated disease also differ. In the latter, diarrhea lasts on average 10 days, fecal blood and mucus are common and relapses may occur.

Citations

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Effects of Bile Acids and Nisin on the Production of Enterotoxin by Clostridium perfringens in a Nutrient-Rich Medium

Park M, Rafii F

Int J Microbiol2018 FebPubMed ID: 29675044Read Article

Applications: ELISA
Reactive species: C. perfringens
"Abstract: Clostridium perfringens is the second most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, with nearly a million cases each year. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), produced during sporulation, damages intestinal epithelial cells by pore formation, which results in watery diarrhea. The effects of low concentrations of nisin and bile acids on sporulation and toxin production were investigated in C. perfringens SM101, which carries an enterotoxin gene on the chromosome, in a nutrient-rich medium. Bile acids and nisin increased production of enterotoxin in cultures; bile acids had the highest effect. Both compounds stimulated the transcription of enterotoxin and sporulation-related genes and production of spores during the early growth phase. They also delayed spore outgrowth and nisin was more inhibitory. Bile acids and nisin enhanced enterotoxin production in some but not all other C. perfringens isolates tested. Low concentrations of bile acids and nisin may act as a stress signal for the initiation of sporulation and the early transcription of sporulation-related genes in some strains of C. perfringens, which may result in increased strain-specific production of enterotoxin in those strains. This is the first report showing that nisin and bile acids stimulated the transcription of enterotoxin and sporulation-related genes in a nutrient-rich bacterial culture medium."
Article snippet: For detection of the effects of different compounds on the production of enterotoxin, the C. perfringens enterotoxin ELISA kit from Creative Diagnostics (Shirley, NY) and C. perfringens enterotoxin test from **** (****, **), which contain monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, respectively, in the kit, were used.

Production of enterotoxin in C. perfringens SM101 in BHI.(Park M, <i>et al</i>, 2018)

Figure 1. Production of enterotoxin in C. perfringens SM101 in BHI, with or without low concentrations of bile acids and nisin.

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References

Fractional-Order Chaotic Memory with Wideband Constant Phase Elements

ENTROPY

Authors: Petrzela, Jiri

Abstract

This paper provides readers with three partial results that are mutually connected. Firstly, the gallery of the so-called constant phase elements (CPE) dedicated for the wideband applications is presented. CPEs are calculated for 9 degrees (decimal orders) and 10 degrees phase steps including 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 orders, which are the most used mathematical orders between zero and one in practice. For each phase shift, all necessary numerical values to design fully passive RC ladder two-terminal circuits are provided. Individual CPEs are easily distinguishable because of a very high accuracy; maximal phase error is less than 1.5 degrees in wide frequency range beginning with 3 Hz and ending with 1 MHz. Secondly, dynamics of ternary memory composed by a series connection of two resonant tunneling diodes is investigated and, consequently, a robust chaotic behavior is discovered and reported. Finally, CPEs are directly used for realization of fractional-order (FO) ternary memory as lumped chaotic oscillator. Existence of structurally stable strange attractors for different orders is proved, both by numerical analyzed and experimental measurement.

Effect of water quality regimes, irrigation schedules, RSC levels and neutralizer on physiological and biochemical behaviour of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Authors: Soni, Pooja Gupta; Yadav, R. K.; Kumar, Ashwani; Kumar, Rakesh; Gajender; Yadav, Taramani; Sharma, Arpita; Kushwaha, Manish

Abstract

Two independent experiments were carried out to study the physio-biochemical responses of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under different irrigation water quality, irrigation schedules, RSC levels and neutralizer. Both these experiments were conducted during kharif season of 2013 in micro-plots of CSSRI, Karnal. First experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different water quality irrigations scheduled at varying ID/CPE ratios. This experiment was laid out in factorial randomised block design (RBD) with four replications, consisting of nine treatment combinations of three irrigation water quality levels [Tube well water, cyclic use of Tube well water : Sewage water and Sewage water] and three irrigation schedules based on ID/CPE ratios (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2). Second experiment was carried out to assess the effect of RSC levels in irrigation water and their neutralization with gypsum and H2SO4. This experiment was conducted in randomised block design with four replications, consisted of five treatments of different RSC levels [control (No RSC), RSC - 5 meq l(-1), RSC-10 meq l(-1), RSC - 10 meq l(-1) (neutralized with gypsum), RSC - 10 meq l(-1) (neutralized with H2SO4)]. In first experiment, The sewage water recorded 19.18 and 11.73% higher chlorophyll a and total soluble protein at first cut and 9.56 and 11.92% at second cut compared to TW. The 1.2 ID/CPE ratio increased the chlorophyll a (26.5 and 16.5 %) and total soluble protein (22.9 and 25.4 %) compared to 0.8 ID/CPE ratio, at first and second cut, respectively. In second experiment, chlorophyll a and b was adversely affected with the application of RSC 10 meq l(-1) water with the maximum reduction by 17.71% at 1st cut and 19.62% at 2nd cut in case of chlorophyll a and 41.94% at 1st cut and 39.98% at 2nd cut for chlorophyll b compared to control (No RSC). Our results concluded that sewage water irrigation scheduled at 1.2 ID/CPE ratio proved superior and thus it may be adapted as a choice for getting higher green fodder yield with better physiological responses. From second experiment, it was inferred that higher RSC of irrigation water negatively affected the performance of fodder sorghum. It should be neutralized either by gypsum or sulphuric acid for obtaining better physiology as well as for fodder yield.