Recent progress in therapeutic drug delivery systems for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries
FUTURE MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Authors: Khadka, Bikram; Lee, Jae-Young; Kim, Ki-Taek; Bae, Jong-Sup
Abstract
Most therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic central nervous system injuries, such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, encounter various obstacles in reaching the target tissue and exerting pharmacological effects, including physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier, instability rapid elimination from the injured tissue or cerebrospinal fluid and off-target toxicity. For central nervous system delivery, nano- and microdrug delivery systems are regarded as the most suitable and promising carriers. In this review, the pathophysiology and biomarkers of traumatic central nervous system injuries (traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injur) are introduced. Furthermore, various drug delivery systems, novel combinatorial therapies and advanced therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injur are emphasized.
Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits M2 macrophage polarization by activating TRAF6 via microRNA-223 down-regulation in viral myocarditis
JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Authors: Xue, Yu-Long; Zhang, Sheng-Xiao; Zheng, Chao-Feng; Li, Yu-Feng; Zhang, Li-Hui; Su, Qin-Yi; Hao, Yu-Fei; Wang, Shu; Li, Xue-Wen
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) commonly triggers heart failure, for which no specific treatments are available. This study aims to explore the specific role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) in VMC. A VMC mouse model was induced byCoxsackievirus B3(CVB3). Then, MEG3 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were silenced and microRNA-223 (miR-223) was over-expressed in the VMC mice, followed by determination of ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS). Dual-luciferase reporter assay was introduced to test the interaction among MEG3, TRAF6 and miR-223. Macrophages were isolated from cardiac tissues and bone marrow, and polarization of M1 or M2 macrophages was induced. Then, the expressions of components of NLRP3 inflammatory body (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1), M1 markers (CD86, iNOS and TNF-alpha) and M2 markers (CD206, Arginase-1 and Fizz-1) were measured following MEG3 silencing. In the VMC mouse model, MEG3 and TRAF6 levels were obviously increased, while miR-223 expression was significantly reduced. Down-regulation of MEG3 resulted in the inhibition of TRAF6 by promoting miR-223. TRAF6 was negatively correlated with miR-223, but positively correlated with MEG3 expression. Down-regulations of MEG3 or TRAF6 or up-regulation of miR-223 was observed to increase mouse weight, survival rate, LVEF and LVFS, while inhibiting myocarditis and inflammationviathe NF-kappa B pathway inactivation in VMC mice. Down-regulation of MEG3 decreased M1 macrophage polarization and elevated M2 macrophage polarization by up-regulating miR-223. Collectively, down-regulation of MEG3 leads to the inhibition of inflammation and induces M2 macrophage polarizationviamiR-223/TRAF6/NF-kappa B axis, thus alleviating VMC.