Presence and release of SR-17 (chromogranin B586-602) in the porcine splenic nerve and its enzymatic degradation by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV
REGULATORY PEPTIDES
Authors: Depreitere, J; Durinx, C; Wang, ZS; Coen, E; Lambeir, AM; Scharpe, S; De Potter, W; Nouwen, EJ
Abstract
Using the pig splenic nerve as a model, we investigated the proteolytic processing of porcine chromogranin B (CgB) during its axonal transport. An ELISA was developed for SR-17 (CgB(586-602)), a novel CgB-derived peptide, originally found in the adrenal medulla. The results demonstrate that CgB is processed in an early stage during its axonal transport. Immunohistochemical data, based on a rabbit anti-SR-17 antiserum, show that the spleen CgB/SR-17 is exclusively present in the nerve endings. No SR-17 immunoreactivity (IR) was found in splenocytes. We also provide evidence that SR-17 is co-released with noradrenaline (NA) upon electrical stimulation of the splenic nerve. Its release is frequency-dependent and strongly enhanced in the presence of the alpha-blocking agent phentolamine. In addition, we show that the new CgB-peptide can serve as a substrate for the lymphocyte surface glycoprotein CD26, also known as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), generating a new peptide ER-15 (CgB(588-602)). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Premixed Hydrogen/air Flame in Ceramic Granular Bed
CLEAN, EFFICIENT AND AFFORDABLE ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
Authors: Yang, S. I.; Lin, S. C.
Abstract
This study investigates the characteristics of a lean premixed hydrogen/air flame in a ceramic granular bed (CGB) by conducting experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The experimental results show that the operating range (equivalence ratio, phi=0.2-0.4) of CGBs for flame propagation is smaller than that of free flame due to the laminar flame speed (S-L), reactivity, and firing rate (Gamma) of H-2. In addition, flame temperature (T-f) increases with increasing, but decreases with increasing phi. Furthermore, S-ab/S-L decreases with increasing u(epsilon)/S-L by the fuel characteristic of Hydrogen (H-2) and heat recirculation in the CGB. The numerical simulation results show that the flame reaction zone in the CGB (porosity, epsilon = 0.33) is greater than that of free flame (epsilon = 1) because H2 reacts early and changes the flame propagation characteristics. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.